scholarly journals Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
C. E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Chemical Techniques

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
R. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Linseed Meal ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. The availability of lysine in seven vegetable protein concentrates was determined using the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and with two chemical techniques.2. With pigs, estimates of availability were lower using carcass compared to live-weight values, but there was no consistent effect of including food intake in the criterion of response. Availability estimates, using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis were (proportion of total) linseed meal − 0·23, lupin-seed meal 0.74, rapeseed meal no. 1 0.97, no. 2 0.77, sunflower meal no. 1 0.59, no. 2 0.66, no. 3 0.54.3. Availability estimates for lysine with rats were also lower using carcass compared to live-weight values. Estimates based on food conversion efficiency were higher than those based on weight gain. Availability estimates in lupin-seed meal and sunflower meals were in general agreement with the pig estimates, whilst that with linseed meal was considerably higher (0·82). Assays were not conducted with rapessed meal due to problems of food rejection with this meal.4. The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) nor by the direct fluoro-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates.2. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 10.37, no. 20.65, no. 30.54, no. 40.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 10.98, no. 2 0.89.3. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1(0.91) and no. 2(0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70–0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76).4. The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

scholarly journals The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Van Barneveld ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Forced Air

The effect of heat on the availability of lysine in field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) was determined using the slope–ratio assay with growing pigs. The field peas were heated to 110°, 135°, 150°, or 165° for 15 min using a forced-air dehydrator. Lysine availability was significantly depressed (P < 0.05) with the application of heat, even at mild temperatures of 110°. Lysine availability values of 0.96, 0.71, 0.77, 0.56, and 0.47 were determined for the raw peas and peas heated to 110°, 135°, 150° or 165° respectively. The effect of dietary protein level on the ileal digestibility of lysine in raw field peas was determined in a second experiment to estimate true ileal digestibility. Five diets were formulated to contain 85, 105, 125, 145 and 165 g protein/kg. Increasing dietary protein from 85 to 105 g/kg resulted in a significant increase in the estimate of apparent ileal digestibility from 0.84 to 0.93. Comparisons were then able to be drawn between the ileal digestibility, availability and utilization of lysine from raw and heat-treated field peas. The results indicate that unlike ileal digestibility values, estimates of lysine availability are sensitive to heat treatment and are a close reflection of lysine utilization in heated protein concentrates. Thus, lysine availability values would be more suitable for use in diet formulations than ileal digestibility estimates when dealing with heat-processed protein concentrates.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in meat meal, meat and bone meal and blood meal as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. F. Lowe ◽  
R. E. Darnell ◽  
E. J. Major
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Blood Meals

1. The availability of lysine in four meat meals (MMs), four meat and bone meals (MBMs) and two blood meals was determined using the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs, rats and chicks and with two chemical techniques.2. The availability of lysine (proportion of total) in the eight MMs or MBMs ranged from 0.48 to 0.88 for pigs, from 0.49 to 0.88 for rats and from 0.68 to 0.88 for chicks. There was no apparent relation between the availability estimates for pigs, rats and chicks for the individual meals.3. For the two blood meals, availability estimates were 1.03 and 1.13 for pigs, 0.81 and 0.80 for rats and 1.07 and 1.02 for chicks.4. Values for the indirect and direct 1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-‘available’-lysineassays ranged from 0.77 to 0.88 and 0.78 to 0.93 respectively for the eight MMs and MBMs. There appeared to be no relation between these values and the pig estimates.

Digestibility of threonine from protein concentrates for growing pigs. 2. The digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum in pigs given six protein concentrates

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
Y Mollah
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Meat Meal

Six male Landrace x Large White pigs (25 kg liveweight) were fitted with T-shape cannulae in the terminal ileum. The pigs were fed 1.2 kg dry matter per day containing 4.5 g threonine/kg of diet from continuous belt feeders. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) to the terminal ileum was 0.91, 0.87, 0.85, 0.81, 0.80 and 0.75 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, meat meal, sunflower meal and cotton seed meal respectively. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) to the terminal ileum was 0.87, 0.87, 0.86, 0.86, 0.81 and 0.74 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively. The true digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum was 0.96, 0.95, 0.90, 0.87, 0.80 and 0.66 for the diets containing milk, fish meal, sunflower meal, soybean meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively.

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

scholarly journals Some Nigerian Protein Concentrates as Foods and Feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Good Grade ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal

THE nutrients, amino acid composition and protein quality of a range of Nigerian foods and feeds have been studied in chemical and biological tests with pigs and rats. Lysine, methionine, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, threonine, were the amino acids present in the least amounts in most of the concentrates. Apparent and true digestibility of the concentrates were high except for palm kernel meal (PKM), African locust bean (ALB), and cashewnut scrap meal (CSM). All the animal protein concentrates showed good nutritional qualities except blood meal (BM), which, despite its high lysine content, showed very poor nutritional values and supported no gain in pigs or rats, probably due to its low methionine - cystine and tryptophan content, coupled with a possible isoleucine-leucine antagonism. Among the plant proteins, ALB showed particularly low values, while cashewnut good grade meal (CM) was found to be superior to soyabean meal (SM). The cashewnut scrap kernel meal (CSM) was inferior to the good grade meal. When evaluated at a critical protein level with growing pigs, it was found to be superior to groundnut meal. In practical type diets for fattening pigs, CSM diets were superior to the groundnut meal (GNM) diets, in terms of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. The PKM, despite its apparent balance of amino acids showed poor nutritional values for the rat. In a test with practical type diets, pigs on PKM grew at a highly significantly slower rate and had highly significantly poorer feed and protein efficiency ratios than the pigs on other diets. In another trial involving supplementation of PKM diets with either GNM, fishmeal (FM), BM or milk powder (MP), pigs on the PKM diet supplemented with 10% GNM, had a significantly slower rate of gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio than those on other diets containing lower quantities of PKM supplemented with other protein concentrates. Supplementation of PKM diets with FM and BM gave significantly better results than supplementation with GNM or MP. 

Digestibility of threonine from protein concentrates for growing pigs. 1. The flow of endogenous amino acids to the terminal ileum of growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
Y Mollah
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acids

Six pigs (25 kg initial weight) were fitted with T cannulas in the terminal ileum. Each pig was fed a nitrogen (N) free diet or one of eight diets containing increasing amounts of threonine from milk (four diets) or cottonseed meal (four diets). The flow of endogenous nitrogen from the terminal ileum was 1.1 g/kg dry matter DM intake in the pigs given the nitrogen-free diet and 0.9 g/kg DM intake when estimated by extrapolation in the pigs given the milk or cottonseed meal diet. There were no significant differences in the flow of individual endogenous amino acids from the terminal ileum when measured in pigs given a nitrogen-free diet or when extrapolated from data for pigs given diets containing milk or cottonseed meal. The flow of endogenous threonine from the terminal ileum was between 0.39 and 0.45 g/kg DM intake as estimated in pigs given diets with similar threonine intakes from cottonseed meal or milk and the nitrogen-free diet.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with chicks and comparisons with rat, pig and chemical assays

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Major ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed to determine the availability of lysine in protein concentrates for chicks, Two protein concentrates were assessed per assay, using three levels of incorporation into the basal diet.2. Availability of lysine, expressed as a proportion of total lysine in five protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·83, fish meal 1·00, meat-and-bone meal 0·86, soya-bean meal 0·93, sunflower meal 1·01.3. The five protein concentrates had previously been assayed for available lysine with slope-ratio assays for pies and rats (Batterham et al. 1979; Batterharn et al. 1981), There was little relationship between the results for chicks and those for pigs and rats. For pigs, availability estimates ranged from 0·43 for cottonseed meal to 0·89 for fish meal. For rats, availability estimates ranged from 0·49 for sunflower meal to 1·04 for fish meal.4. The results for chicks were in closer agreement with values obtained using the Silcock available-lysine assay (Roach et al. 1967) and the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960). By contrast, there was litlle relationship between the chemical tests and results for pigs or rats.

scholarly journals Effect of pressure and temperature on the availability of lysine in meat and bone meal as determined by slope-ratio assays with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R.E. Darnell ◽  
L. S. Herbert ◽  
E. J. Major
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Effect Of Pressure ◽  
Dye Binding ◽  
Available Lysine

1. The availability of lysine for pigs, rats and chicks was determined using samples of meat and bone meal (MBM) subjected to different pressure and temperature treatments during dry-rendering processing. The relation between slope-ratio estimates and three chemical tests for estimating ‘available’ lysine was assessed.2. The availability of lysine (proportion of total) for pigs was 0.97 in the control. Pressure (275 kPa gauge, 141°, for 30 min) in the early stage of rendering reduced availability to 0.74 and, in the late stage, to 0.46. Maintaining the final temperature at 125° for 4 h had little effect (0.84) whereas a higher temperature of 150° for 4 h reduced availability to 0.38.3. Availability estimates for rats were lower than those of the pig, ranging from 0.88 in the control to 0.21 for the high-temperature treatment (150° for 4 h). The effects for temperature were similar to those for the pig, whereas the effect of pressure was equally detrimental in both the early and late stages (0.45 and 0.43 respectively).4. For chicks, availability estimates were similar to those for the pig for the control (0.93) and the two temperature treatments (0.86 and 0.31 for the 125° and 150° treatments respectively). The chick was less susceptible to the effect of pressure applied to the MBM (0.78 and 0.63 for the early-and late-stage treatments respectively).5. Values for the indirect-and direct-1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene-(FDNB)-‘available’-lysine assays decreased from 0.86 and 0.74 to 0.57 and 0.54 for the control and 150° for 4 h treatments respectively, indicating that approximately half the reduced availability involved reactions with the ε-amino group of lysine. There was little relation between the FDNB values and lysine availability for the treatments involving changes in pressure.6. There was little or no relation between dye-binding capacity of the meals, as assessed by the Acid Orange-12 dye-binding procedure (Hurrell et al. 1979), and lysine availability for the three species.

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