EFFECTS OF SOYFLOUR IN MILK REPLACER ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Ingredient Cost

Two artificial rearing experiments were conducted to evaluate both preweaning and postweaning performance of artificially reared lambs, ad libitum fed a milk replacer having one-third of the milk protein replaced by soyflour protein (S) compared with those fed MR with all the protein provided by milk products (M). From weaning at 21 d of age to 91 d of age all the lambs were fed the same high-concentrate diet. In the first experiment there were no significant differences in lamb weights, daily gains, postweaning feed conversion or lamb survival. In the second experiment there were lower (P < 0.05) postweaning daily gains, lower (P < 0.05) 91-d weights and higher (P < 0.05) postweaning feed conversion (2.69 vs. 2.52 kg feed kg−1 gain) for S lambs compared with M lambs, although there were no significant differences due to MR treatment for weaning weights, preweaning daily gains or lamb survival. In both experiments the S lambs consumed slightly more MR than M lambs. Using prices prevailing at the time of the study the lower ingredient cost of the soyflour resulted in a saving in MR cost of $1.45 per lamb weaned. In the second experiment, the lower MR cost would have been partially offset by the approximately 1 kg extra liveweight per lamb at 91 d of age. It was concluded that soyflour could contribute one-third of the total protein in MR for ad libitum fed, artificially reared lambs with little, if any, reduction in lamb performance. However, savings in feed costs resulting from the cheaper ingredient cost might be partially offset by lower postweaning lamb gains. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, soy protein

POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES TO LAMB MILK REPLACER FOR THE ARTIFICIAL REARING OF LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1135-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA ◽  
H. F. PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Spray Dried ◽  
General Appearance

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative performance of artificially reared lambs fed four types of liquid diets: (1) lamb milk replacer (LMR) with 24% protein from spray-dried milk products and 24% fat in the dry powder; (2) high quality calf milk replacer (CMR) with 20% protein from spray-dried milk products and 20% fat; (3) fresh cow milk (CM); or (4) equal proportions of LMR and CM (LMR:CM). Average daily gains of lambs fed CMR or CM were lower by 16% and 12%, respectively, and weaning weights were lower by 10% and 5%, respectively, than those of lambs fed LMR. Gains and weaning weights of lambs fed LMR:CM were identical to those fed LMR. Lamb survival was marginally lower among CMR- and CM-fed lambs compared with those fed LMR. There were no observable differences among any of the feeding regimens in the general appearance, thriftiness or well-being of the lambs. The results indicate that, with good management, satisfactory lamb performance under artificial rearing can be achieved with high quality CMR or CM and that under practical conditions lower feed costs could offset the marginal reduction in lamb performance. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing

PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG LAMBS FED A CLOTTING OR A NON-CLOTTING MILK REPLACER

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-996
Author(s):  
JOCELYNE DELISLE ◽  
HÉLÈNE V. PETIT ◽  
FRANCINE GIGUÈRE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen male lambs weighing 2.8 – 5.8 kg and 3–5 d old were fed for 5 wk a clotting milk replacer with or without an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation in the abomasum. Milk replacers were fed ad libitum at room temperature using formalin (0.1% vol vol−1) as preservative. Dry matter intake and average daily gains were the same (P > 0.05) for both the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and lipids was also similar (P > 0.05) for both treatments. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, clotting, coagulation, digestibility

RAPESEED OIL VERSUS COCONUT OIL AS A SOURCE OF FAT FOR LAMB MILK REPLACERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1241-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA ◽  
H. F. PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
Milk Replacers

Artificially reared lambs were weaned from milk replacer (MR) at 21 days of age. Weaning weights and average daily gains were significantly (P < 0.01) depressed (7.6 and 18%, respectively) for lambs fed MR containing 12% rapeseed oil and 12% tallow compared with those fed a standard MR containing 12% coconut oil and 12% tallow. Lamb survival and MR dry matter consumption were similar for lambs fed the two diets. The results indicate that, under practical conditions, the use of rapeseed oil to provide half of the fat in lamb milk replacers causes a reduction in the performance of lambs artificially reared from birth. Key words: Artificial rearing, lambs, rapeseed oil

EFFECTS OF WARM VERSUS COLD MILK REPLACERS AND OF FREE-CHOICE HAY POSTWEANING ON PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Corn Grain

In two artificial rearing experiments lambs were fed, ad libitum, either cold (4.4–7 °C) or warm (27–31 °C) milk replacer with 0.10% formalin (37%, wt/wt, formaldehyde) added to the reconstituted milk replacer. From weaning at 21 days of age to 91 days of age all lambs were fed the same high-concentrate diet (corn grain, soybean meal, 8% ground hay plus minerals and vitamins; approx. 17% crude protein, as-fed). In the second experiment half the lambs from each milk replacer treatment were fed alfalfa hay free-choice postweaning in addition to the high-concentrate diet. Equal survival rates and absence of abomasal bloat on both milk replacer treatments showed that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs. Both intakes and gains were higher for lambs fed warm milk replacer than for cold. In the first experiment apparent compensatory postweaning growth nullified the weight advantage at weaning for lambs fed warm milk replacer, whereas in the second experiment the weight advantage at weaning was not overcome by the apparent compensatory growth. Feeding hay free-choice postweaning (amounted to 12.5% of the overall diet), in addition to the high-concentrate diet, improved lamb gains and slightly increased feed dry matter required per kilogram of gain, as would be expected as a result of the lower energy content of the overall diet. The results indicate that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs; that performance, including postweaning carryover effects will be equal to, or greater than that achieved with cold milk replacer; and that free-choice hay in addition to a high-concentrate diet postweaning has a beneficial effect on lamb performance. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, warm vs. cold milk replacer

INFLUENCE OF FEED ALLOWANCE DURING PREGNANCY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EWES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLED AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum

Eighty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were allocated on the basis of initial weight among four pregnancy treatments: (T1) fed a maintenance level throughout; (T2) fed the same total as T1 but distributed so as to increase exponentially from 15% below maintenance post-mating to 57% above maintenance by parturition; (T3) fed 80% of maintenance throughout; (T4) the same as T3 except ewes were resheared after mating. At lambing each treatment group was subdivided so that half the ewes reared their lambs, while those from the other half were reared, from within 16 h of birth, on milk replacer to 7 wk of age. Postpartum feed allowances for the ewes were ad libitum for the first 35 days, after which those not lactating were reduced to maintenance while those suckling lambs were given a recommended allowance for lactation. From 9 to 12 wk, all were fed a maintenance level. All ewes lost weight from conception to immediate postpartum but there were highly significant differences between treatments, with treatment 2 losing the least (4.5%) and treatment 4 losing the most (25%). Lamb birth weights were also significantly different, with treatment 2 heavier and treatments 3 and 4 lighter than treatment 1. Among suckled lambs, survival was 100% on treatments 1 and 2 but only 67 and 44%, respectively, on treatments 3 and 4. With artificial rearing, survival on treatments 1 to 4, respectively, was 45, 80, 56 and 30%. Birth weight did not influence survival among artificially reared lambs but suckled lamb survivors were approximately 50% heavier at birth than those which died. Suckled lambs were 33% heavier at 12 wk than artificially reared lambs, partly through faster early growth but mainly through a growth check in the latter following termination of milk replacer at 7 wk.

UREA AS A NITROGEN SUPPLEMENT IN STARTER FEEDS FOR EARLY WEANED CALVES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Holstein Bull ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Calf starter feeds containing either urea or soybean meal as a source of supplementary nitrogen were evaluated as the sole ration for Holstein bull calves weaned at 5 or 6 wk of age. In two experiments using a total of 56 calves, weight gains of the urea-fed calves (0.72–0.88 kg/day) were similar to or slightly less than the soybean meal-fed calves (0.77–0.90 kg/day). Except for one treatment in experiment 1, intake of the urea-supplemented starters was slightly less than intake of the soybean meal-supplemented starters. Feed conversion efficiency of the urea-supplemented starters was poorer in experiment 1, but comparable with the soybean meal-supplemented starters in experiment 2. The use of urea in the calf starters resulted in reduced feed costs ranging from $3.47 to $4.07 per 100 kg; and reductions in feed costs per 100 kg gain ranged from $9.34 to $12.90. Although animal performance may be slightly reduced by urea supplementation of calf starters, an economic advantage in feed costs was demonstrated with the use of urea when ad libitum feeding was practiced.

Effect of Offering Concentrate Rations with Different Energy Densities on Calf Performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 209-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Fallon ◽  
J.R. Twigge
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum

The primary aim of the calf rearer is to ensure a successful transition from non ruminant to ruminant status while achieving rapid growth and an early intake of solid food. Newbold, Blake and Hagges (1991), found that increasing the concentration of ME in either the starter or milk replacer will not promote more rapid growth, but will simply reduce the rate of starter consumption. This present study investigated the extent to which the energy density of a calf starter ration affected starter intake and liveweight gain in calves receiving a fixed allowance of a high energy milk replacer with ad libitum access to solid calf starter rations.

A note on the performance and management of calves reared on cold acidified milk replacer fed ad libitum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
T. D. A. Brigstocke ◽  
M. A. Lindeman ◽  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food

ABSTRACTResults are presented from six trials dealing with aspects of management on the cold ad libitum system of calf rearing using an acidified milk replacer containing over 600 g skim milk powder per kg.Thirty-six calves were housed in pens of six for each trial and were fed through a teat and pipeline from a storage barrel. Acidified milk replacer, pH 5·6, was mixed cold at 125 g/1 and made available ad libitum to 3 weeks. A rationed allowance was given daily, on a reducing scale, over the following 2 weeks with weaning completed at 35 days. A pelleted dry food containing 180 g crude protein per kg, together with water in buckets and barley straw in racks, was available ad libitum throughout. Each trial lasted 8 weeks. Results for the mean of the six cold ad libitum trials involving 216 calves were compared with the mean results of 10 conventional bucket-fed trials carried out separately at the same unit, involving 912 calves. All calves were purchased British Friesian male (bull) calves.Calves on the ad libitum system showed improved live-weight gains of 9·4 kg at 3 weeks, 8·8 kg at 5 weeks and 7·5 kg at 8 weeks, compared with the conventional system. The consumption of milk replacer powder was higher in ad libitum trials at 29·4 kg cf. 12·5 kg by bucket but intake of pelleted dry feed was lower on the ad libitum system at 50·7 kg cf. 71·3 kg to 8 weeks. Calf appearance scores were significantly improved on the ad libitum system which gave the main improvement in performance in the first 3 weeks.

The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

PERFORMANCE OF DWARF BROILER BREEDERS IN LAYING CAGES AND FLOOR PENS AND OF NORMAL BREEDERS IN FLOOR PENS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. STRAIN ◽  
A. P. PILOSKI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Feed Costs

Dwarf broiler breeders in single-bird cages (DC), in floor pens (DF) and normal broiler breeders in floor pens (NF) were compared for their own and their offspring’s performance. No differences were observed in rate of egg production at 147–329 days of age between the NF and DF birds (48 vs. 47%) whereas the DC birds laid at the rate of 40%. Hen-housed egg numbers for the same period followed the same general pattern (NF, 81; DF, 82; DC, 70 eggs/bird). DF and DC birds consumed less feed per dozen eggs than the NF birds (3.4 vs. 4.3 kg/doz). Egg weights in the early part of the production cycle were not significantly different among the groups but at 294 days of age the normal birds laid larger eggs than the dwarfs (65 vs. 62 g). Dwarfs in cages reached 50% production earlier than the DF or NF birds. Female offspring from the three groups grew at the same rate and weighed 1.7 kg at 56 days of age but there were significant differences in feed conversion (NF, 2.46; DF, 2.43; DC, 2.53 kg/kg body weight produced). Male offspring had small but not statistically significant differences in body weight at 56 days (NF, 2.16; DF, 2.12; DC, 2.09 kg) or feed conversion (NF, 2.30; DF, 2.29; DC, 2.34 kg/kg body weight). Mortality in the offspring ranged from 2.7 to 9.2% but did not differ significantly. Income over feed costs per broiler started did not differ from the three groups regardless of the meat price – feed price combination considered. However, when profit was computed on a breeder hen basis, the DF females were more profitable than either the NF or DC females.

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