EFFECTS OF WARM VERSUS COLD MILK REPLACERS AND OF FREE-CHOICE HAY POSTWEANING ON PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Corn Grain

In two artificial rearing experiments lambs were fed, ad libitum, either cold (4.4–7 °C) or warm (27–31 °C) milk replacer with 0.10% formalin (37%, wt/wt, formaldehyde) added to the reconstituted milk replacer. From weaning at 21 days of age to 91 days of age all lambs were fed the same high-concentrate diet (corn grain, soybean meal, 8% ground hay plus minerals and vitamins; approx. 17% crude protein, as-fed). In the second experiment half the lambs from each milk replacer treatment were fed alfalfa hay free-choice postweaning in addition to the high-concentrate diet. Equal survival rates and absence of abomasal bloat on both milk replacer treatments showed that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs. Both intakes and gains were higher for lambs fed warm milk replacer than for cold. In the first experiment apparent compensatory postweaning growth nullified the weight advantage at weaning for lambs fed warm milk replacer, whereas in the second experiment the weight advantage at weaning was not overcome by the apparent compensatory growth. Feeding hay free-choice postweaning (amounted to 12.5% of the overall diet), in addition to the high-concentrate diet, improved lamb gains and slightly increased feed dry matter required per kilogram of gain, as would be expected as a result of the lower energy content of the overall diet. The results indicate that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs; that performance, including postweaning carryover effects will be equal to, or greater than that achieved with cold milk replacer; and that free-choice hay in addition to a high-concentrate diet postweaning has a beneficial effect on lamb performance. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, warm vs. cold milk replacer

PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS FED MILK REPLACERS HAVING TWO LEVELS OF FAT

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA ◽  
H. F. PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were conducted to study the growth performance of lambs artificially reared and fed lamb milk replacers (MR) containing 30% fat (HF) or 24% fat (LF) in the dry powder. Both MR contained 24% crude protein, were identically supplemented with vitamins and minerals and were reconstituted at one part powder to five parts water. There were no differences in weaning weights (WW) or average daily gains (ADG) among the HF vs. LF lambs in the first experiment. In the second experiment both WW and ADG were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for LF lambs compared to HF lambs. There were no differences in ADG among lambs weaned from MR at an average age of 28 days and those weaned at 21 days of age for either of the two MR. The effects of MR fat level were identical at both weaning ages. Survival rates and feed consumption were similar for lambs fed the two MR. It was concluded that the fat level of MR could be reduced to 24% without adversely affecting lamb performance and that such a reduction would have substantial economic benefits because of the lower cost of the MR with the reduced fat level. Key words: Lambs, milk replacers, artificial rearing, fat levels

PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG LAMBS FED A CLOTTING OR A NON-CLOTTING MILK REPLACER

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-996
Author(s):  
JOCELYNE DELISLE ◽  
HÉLÈNE V. PETIT ◽  
FRANCINE GIGUÈRE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen male lambs weighing 2.8 – 5.8 kg and 3–5 d old were fed for 5 wk a clotting milk replacer with or without an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation in the abomasum. Milk replacers were fed ad libitum at room temperature using formalin (0.1% vol vol−1) as preservative. Dry matter intake and average daily gains were the same (P > 0.05) for both the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and lipids was also similar (P > 0.05) for both treatments. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, clotting, coagulation, digestibility

EFFECTS OF FAT LEVELS IN MILK REPLACERS AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN CREEP FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two growth trials were conducted to determine an optimum level of fat in milk replacer and an optimum level of protein in creep feed for artificially reared lambs. In experiment 1, milk replacers containing 31 or 36% fat (dry matter, DM, basis) were fed ad libitum to 58 lambs at 1 day of age. The protein was supplied by low-heat spray-dried skim milk powder and Na caseinate and the fat from a mixture of 10% coconut oil and 90% tallow. A finely ground unpelleted creep feed with 20% protein, on a DM basis, was fed ad libitum. The lambs consumed more of the 31% fat milk replacer and gained more live weight (288 vs. 254 g/day; P < 0.025) to weaning at 25–30 days of age than did lambs fed the 36% fat formula. Weight gains to 10 wk of age were 190 and 170 g/day, respectively (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 84 lambs were fed a 26% fat milk replacer ad libitum, and creep feeds with 15, 20 or 25% protein (DM basis). The supplementary protein was supplied by herring meal and soybean meal. Weight gains of lambs to weaning at 24 days of age were similar on the three creep feeds. However, gains to 10 wk of age averaged 218, 235 and 244 g/day (P < 0.05) on the 15, 20 and 25% protein diets, respectively. One and 2 kg of DM were consumed/kg lamb body weight gain to weaning and to 10 wk of age, respectively. It was concluded that the milk replacer should contain 26–31% fat, and the creep feed 20% protein or more for maximal performance of artificially reared lambs.

A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

AN EVALUATION OF MILK REPLACERS BASED ON THE GROWTH RATE, HEALTH AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF HOLSTEIN CALVES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Milk Replacers

Forty male Holstein calves were divided into four groups; one group was offered whole milk and each of the others was given a different milk replacer. All calves were fed at 12% of body weight for 6 wk and a starter ration was fed free choice for the last 3 wk of the trial. Growth rate was 0.58, 0.32, 0.30, and 0.25 kg/day for whole milk and milk replacers B, C, and D, respectively, while the respective intake of calf starter was 0.23, 0.36, 0.34, and 0.38 kg/day of dry matter per calf per day. Feed conversions during the last 3 wk of the experiment were 1.15, 1.66, 1.45, and 1.65 kg of dry matter per kg of gain for whole milk and replacers B, C, and D, respectively. Blood hematocrit was higher for calves fed milk replacer B than for the other three treatments. Blood glucose levels were 123, 96, 107 and 101 mg percent for whole milk and milk replacers B, C, and D, respectively. The relationships between plasma glucose and blood urea nitrogen with growth rate and intake of calf starter were evaluated.

The effect of silage preference on the performance of dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
R.F. Heller ◽  
R.H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Present Trial

Numerous factors such as the digestibility value, fermentation characteristics and chop length of silage have all been shown to increase the intake and performance of dairy cows.Although the effect of silage preference has been examined with young stock and dry cows there has only been a limited number of studies involving lactating cows.The aim of the present trial was to determine the effect on intake and performance of lactating dairy cows offered either grass silage alone, a mixture of grass and maize silages blended in a ratio of 1:2 or a free choice of grass and maize silages.Thirty-three British Friesians in weeks 17-24 of lactation were used in the study. All animals received 6 kg/d of a concentrate supplement containing 190 g/kg DM of crude protein and 12.8 MJ ME/kg CM and allowed ad libitum access to the silages.

RAPESEED OIL VERSUS COCONUT OIL AS A SOURCE OF FAT FOR LAMB MILK REPLACERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1241-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA ◽  
H. F. PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
Milk Replacers

Artificially reared lambs were weaned from milk replacer (MR) at 21 days of age. Weaning weights and average daily gains were significantly (P < 0.01) depressed (7.6 and 18%, respectively) for lambs fed MR containing 12% rapeseed oil and 12% tallow compared with those fed a standard MR containing 12% coconut oil and 12% tallow. Lamb survival and MR dry matter consumption were similar for lambs fed the two diets. The results indicate that, under practical conditions, the use of rapeseed oil to provide half of the fat in lamb milk replacers causes a reduction in the performance of lambs artificially reared from birth. Key words: Artificial rearing, lambs, rapeseed oil

scholarly journals Macronutrient and amino acids composition of milk replacers for dairy calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maris Machado Bittar ◽  
Jackeline Thais da Silva ◽  
Hugh Chester-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

SUMMARY Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.

INFLUENCE OF FEED ALLOWANCE DURING PREGNANCY ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EWES AND GROWTH OF SUCKLED AND ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
D. P. HEANEY
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum

Eighty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were allocated on the basis of initial weight among four pregnancy treatments: (T1) fed a maintenance level throughout; (T2) fed the same total as T1 but distributed so as to increase exponentially from 15% below maintenance post-mating to 57% above maintenance by parturition; (T3) fed 80% of maintenance throughout; (T4) the same as T3 except ewes were resheared after mating. At lambing each treatment group was subdivided so that half the ewes reared their lambs, while those from the other half were reared, from within 16 h of birth, on milk replacer to 7 wk of age. Postpartum feed allowances for the ewes were ad libitum for the first 35 days, after which those not lactating were reduced to maintenance while those suckling lambs were given a recommended allowance for lactation. From 9 to 12 wk, all were fed a maintenance level. All ewes lost weight from conception to immediate postpartum but there were highly significant differences between treatments, with treatment 2 losing the least (4.5%) and treatment 4 losing the most (25%). Lamb birth weights were also significantly different, with treatment 2 heavier and treatments 3 and 4 lighter than treatment 1. Among suckled lambs, survival was 100% on treatments 1 and 2 but only 67 and 44%, respectively, on treatments 3 and 4. With artificial rearing, survival on treatments 1 to 4, respectively, was 45, 80, 56 and 30%. Birth weight did not influence survival among artificially reared lambs but suckled lamb survivors were approximately 50% heavier at birth than those which died. Suckled lambs were 33% heavier at 12 wk than artificially reared lambs, partly through faster early growth but mainly through a growth check in the latter following termination of milk replacer at 7 wk.

GROWTH, MORTALITY AND MEAT QUALITY OF LAMBS FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING FULL-FAT SOYBEAN FLOUR

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES ◽  
ELIZABETH LARMOND ◽  
C. D. T. CAMERON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

The effects of incorporating full-fat soy flour (FFSF) into milk replacers on growth, mortality and meat quality of lambs were determined. In the first two experiments, the FFSF supplied 24 and 30%, respectively, of the total protein (N × 6.25), and was compared with all-milk protein (AMP) formulas. Refrigerated milk replacers at 20% (w/w) solids were fed ad libitum from nipples and a teat bar. Half the lambs on each liquid diet received only milk replacer to slaughter at 18 kg liveweight; the other half were weaned at 11 kg, and then received solid feed. The FFSF milk replacers had no significant effects on lamb weight gains or carcass evaluation (dressing per cent, fat cover and color scores, tenderness and flavor) when compared with lambs fed the AMP formulas. Meat from lambs fed only milk replacer lacked distinct lamb flavor. In the third experiment three milk replacers containing AMP or 50% of the protein from FFSF were compared: AMP (30% fat air-dry basis), FFSF (30 and 40% fat). The reconstituted milk replacers were fed twice daily at 37 ± 2 C. Liveweight gains of lambs to weaning at 4 wk old were less on the FFSF formula containing 40% fat than on the one with 30% fat. However, gains to slaughter at 41 kg were not significantly affected. Carcass data from lambs fed the three milk replacers were similar, except for increased tenderness in those fed the 40% fat formula. It was concluded that FFSF could satisfactorily supply 50% of the total protein in lamb milk replacers fed twice daily provided abomasal bloat could be prevented.

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