A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

scholarly journals PASTURE REARING AND MILK-REPLACER FEEDING OF DAIRY CALVES

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Feeding Trials

Ayrshire bull calves were utilized in two feeding trials with the following treatments in factorial design: indoors vs. pasture, whole milk vs. milk-replacer, 3 or 4 lb starter daily to 15 weeks of age in the first trial and 2 or 3 lb in the second. All calves received the same treatment after 15 weeks, fall pasture and winter drylot.The average daily body weight gain from 1 week of age to weaning at 130 ± 2 lb was 1.05 lb and did not differ appreciably among treatments. Starter intake was increased markedly by indoor and (or) milk-replacer feeding. Calves receiving milk-replacer indoors consumed an average of 1 lb starter per day; calves fed whole milk on pasture ate only 0.4 lb starter per day. Weight gains from weaning to 15 weeks of age on pasture were 1.5 lb/day for calves weaned from whole milk, and 1.2 lb/day for those previously fed milk-replacer. Starter levels had little effect on the performance of the pasture — whole milk group. Indoor rearing compared with pasture rearing during this period significantly decreased calf gains, the greatest reduction occurring from milk-replacer and (or) low starter level. Calf performance to 1 year of age did not differ as a result of preweaning liquid diet, starter levels, and in the first trial initial rearing environment (1.4 lb/day). The 2-lb starter level significantly decreased yearly gains for calves initially reared indoors compared with pasture.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FISH PROTEIN SOURCES AND MILK BY-PRODUCTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
ELIZABETH LARMOND ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Acid Whey ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
By Products

Three fish protein sources and milk by-products were used in milk replacers. Thirty Holstein heifer calves were fed five different milk replacers as follows: all-milk nitrogen control, and four with 65% of the nitrogen supplied by steam-dried herring meal and the remaining nitrogen from milk as: (a) skim milk powder, (b) skim milk and acid whey powders; and (c) acid whey powder partially neutralized with NaOH or (d) Ca(OH)2. Body weight gains were greater for calves fed the control milk replacer; from birth to 26 wk of age, calves weaned from this milk replacer gained 822 g/day, compared with 662, 731, 741 and 699 g/day, respectively, on diets a to d noted above (P < 0.05). A digestion and nitrogen balance trial with four bull calves fed the four herring meal milk replacers in a 4 × 4 latin square showed relatively poor utilization of the herring meal, especially for calves at 2–4 wk of age. The apparent dry matter digestibility was 75% when the acid whey in the diet was neutralized with Ca(OH)2, compared with 81% when it was neutralized with NaOH. Three milk replacers containing 62% of the total nitrogen from herring meal, isopropanol-extracted fish protein concentrate (FPC), or predigested FPC were compared using six Holstein bull calves in two 3 × 3 latin squares. Apparent digestion of dry matter and energy by the calves was similar for the three diets. Nitrogen digestibility was 82% in the herring meal and 86% in the predigested FPC diet (P < 0.05). At the end of the digestion trial, the calves were continued on the same diet to 91 kg body weight. Body weight gains by all calves averaged 1 kg/day. Loin roasts from the calves fed the herring meal diet were tougher and had an objectionable odor compared with those from calves fed the two FPC diets or whole milk. It was concluded that FPC could be a useful ingredient in calf milk replacers, and that herring meal was not well utilized by calves at 2–4 wk of age.

REARING OF DAIRY CALVES ON PASTURE WITH OR WITHOUT WHOLE OATS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Average Body

Three groups of 10 Ayrshire bull calves born in May and June, 1963 were placed on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning at 55 kg body weight, or at 15 weeks of age. Half the calves in each group also received whole oats while on pasture to a maximum of 1.4 kg/day. Prior to going on pasture, calves were fed a starter ration and timothy hay. The calves were removed from pasture at 21 weeks of age and fed hay and grain until 52 weeks of age. There were no differences between groups in rate of gain from 1 week of age to weaning, the average growth rate for all calves being 427 g/day. Calves put on pasture after weaning gained 223 g/day from weaning to 15 weeks of age, and calves put on pasture at 15 weeks of age gained only 177 g/day from 15 to 21 weeks of age. Weight gains during these same two periods for calves put on pasture at 2 weeks of age were 432 and 500 g/day, respectively. Feeding oats to calves on pasture did not increase growth rates to weaning or to 15 weeks of age. Average body weights at 52 weeks of age were 251, 228, and 242 kg, respectively for calves started on pasture at 2 weeks of age, after weaning, and at 15 weeks of age.

THE EFFECT OF ALFALFA AS A SOURCE OF FIBER IN STARTER DIETS FOR HEIFER CALVES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Common Letter ◽  
Whole Milk

Starter diets were formulated to contain 6.6, 12.4, 17.7 and 21.9% fiber by the addition of 0, 20, 40 and 60% reground dehydrated alfalfa to a barley-based concentrate. Sixty Holstein heifer calves were randomly assigned at birth to one of these four diets which were fed free choice from 7 to 70 days of age. Whole milk was fed at 10% of body weight from birth to 56 days. Dry matter intakes were 0.47a, 0.59ab, 0.61b and 0.60ab kg/day and body weight gains were 0.44a, 0.58b, 0.69b and 0.56ab kg/day for diets containing, 0, 20, 40 and 60% alfalfa, respectively (means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05)). Diet did not influence blood components except for blood urea nitrogen which was higher for calves fed diets containing 40 and 60% alfalfa. The amount of fiber in the diet did not influence the incidence of scouring or other disorders. Calves which had scoured for 2 or more days had reduced rates of gain and feed efficiency compared with heifers that did not scour. Dry matter digestibility, as estimated by total fecal collections from six bull calves per diet, was 85.4, 78.7, 73.7 and 75.1 for the diets containing 0, 20, 40 and 60% ground dehydrated alfalfa, respectively. Key words: Alfalfa, dairy calves, digestibility, scours, feed efficiency

DIGESTIBILITY OF MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING RAPESEED OIL, FED TO DAIRY CALVES UNDER A MONTH OLD

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
SANDRA C. M. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Brewers Yeast ◽  
Time Utilization ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen calves 3–28 days of age were fed milk replacers containing 15% added fat with 0, 5, 10 or 15% rapeseed oil (27% erucic acid) substituting for lard. The protein in these replacers was entirely of milk origin. The rapeseed oil was 69% digestible, compared to 94% for the lard, and its use resulted in depression of the digestibility of protein from 80 to 66% as the portion of rapeseed oil rose from 0 to 15%. Three calves were fed a milk replacer containing 10% lard and 10% rapeseed oil, in which 60% of the protein of milk origin was replaced by protein from fish protein concentrate and from brewers’ yeast. The calves showed progressive improvement in their ability to digest amino acids in successive 2-day periods. Average amino acid digestibility increased from 72% at 4–6 days of age to 87% at 16–18 days of age, at which time utilization about equalled that expected on milk-origin diets.

THE EFFECT OF LEVEL AND FREQUENCY OF FEEDING WHOLE MILK ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION OF CALVES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
FRANK VAN MERLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Milk Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves, beginning at 1 wk of age, were used to estimate differences in weight gain between two feeding levels and two feeding frequencies over a period of 3 wk. Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: whole milk (WM) fed at 10% of body weight (BW) twice a day; WM fed at 10% BW, three times a day; WM fed at 12% of BW, in two feedings per day, or WM fed at 12% of BW, in three feedings per day. Body weight gains and feed conversions were 279 and 437 g per day and 12.02 and 9.51 kg whole milk per kilogram of gain for the 10 and 12% levels of feeding, respectively. There was a trend towards increased rate of gain and improved feed efficiency when calves were fed twice compared to three times a day. Cost of medication was not influenced by level or frequency of feeding. It was concluded from this study that feeding whole milk at 12% of body weight was preferable to feeding at the 10% level of intake. Key words: Milk feeding, level, frequency, dairy calves

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ADDED BULK ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND DIARRHEA IN CALVES FED MILK REPLACER

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Enzymatic Changes

Liquid milk replacera with or without added sawdust, purified wood cellulose or oat hulls (3% of dry replacer), or whole milk were fed to dairy calves in metabolism cages to study growth, digestibility, physical, chemical and enzymatic changes in the digestive tract, and incidence of diarrhea. In a relatively draft-free room at 21–22 °C bulk tended to increase1 fecal dry matter (19.6 vs. 17.1%). Bulk, especially oat hulls, also tended to reduce incidence of diarrhea compared with milk replacer fed alone. Bulk had no effect on calf growth, digestibility of milk replacer nutrients or nitrogen retention. Oat hulls were the only bulk source which entered the rumen, causing development of this organ, and increasing the percent dry matter and lowering the pH of abomasal contents. It was concluded that bulk, especially in the rumen, may exert a beneficial effect on the digestive tract of calves consuming only milk replacer.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 2'fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Supplementation to Formula on Growth, Organ Weights, and Intestinal Development of Piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 789-789
Author(s):  
Marcia Monaco ◽  
Victoria Daniels ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Johanna Hirvonen ◽  
Henrik Max Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Human milk contains both prebiotic oligosaccharides and live bacteria, which are thought to bring health benefits to breastfed infants. Herein, we investigated the impact of formula supplementation with 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Bi-26) alone or in combination on growth, organ weights, and intestinal development of neonatal piglets. Methods Two-day-old intact male piglets (N = 53) were randomized to be fed a nutritionally-adequate milk replacer ad libitum without (CON) or with 1.0 g/L 2'FL (FL). Pigs were further stratified to receive either 12% glycerol solution alone or Bi-26 (109 CFU) in glycerol orally once daily (BI and FLBI). Body weights and food intake were monitored from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 33/34. On PND 34/35, animals were euthanized, intestine, liver and brain weights were assessed, and intestinal samples were collected for morphological analyses and disaccharidase activity. Dry matter of intestinal contents was also measured. Growth and food intake were analyzed as a 3-way, repeated-measures ANOVA with fixed effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and day, whereas all other variables were analyzed by a 2-way ANOVA with fixed effects of prebiotic and probiotic. Level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 and trends are reported at 0.05 &gt; P &lt; 0.1. Results All diets were well tolerated and food intake did not differ among the treatment groups. Daily body weights were affected by 2’FL, Bi26, and day, but no interaction was observed. However, there was a trend (p = 0.075) for greater body weight gain in CON vs. all other groups. No differences were observed for intestine, liver, or brain weight per kg body weight, jejunal or ileal lactase or sucrase activities, or fecal dry matter among the groups. Histomorphological outcomes in jejunum, ileum, and ascending colon were similar in all groups, except for a trend (p = 0.069) for larger ileal crypt volume in FL vs. CON piglets. Conclusions The addition of 2'FL and/or Bi-26 to milk replacer supported piglet growth with no detrimental effects on body and organ weights, or intestinal structure and function. Funding Sources DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences.

scholarly journals Formulasi Susu Pengganti dan Evaluasi Pengaruhnya terhadap Performa Anak Domba Kembar

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Asep Sudarman ◽  
Harun Fatmiati ◽  
Lilis Khotijah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mother's Milk ◽  
Mother’S Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

The purpose of this experiment was to formulate and evaluate milk replacer on the production performance of twin lambs from before weaning to one month after weaning. Three pairs of twin lambs aged two weeks with a body weight of 3.83 ± 0.4 kg were divided into two groups, each consisting of three lambs. The treatments applied were PSI = lamb given mother's milk and PMR = lamb given milk replacer. Pre-weaning dry matter consumption data were analyzed descriptively and other data were analyzed using the T-test. The results showed that the dry matter consumption lambs that were given milk replacers in pre-weaning was 164.18 ± 31.25 g/head/day with the largest proportion coming from milk replacers (61.4%). PSI group lambs had dry matter and energy consumption after weaning, daily gain before and after weaning, and body weight when weaned were significantly higher (P <0.05) than the PMR group lambs. However, the ratio of feed conversion and body weight at 90 days in the two groups of lamb were not significantly different. All lambs were healthy and no one died. It is concluded that formulated milk replacer provides production performance in lambs that are equivalent to lambs fed with mother's milk.

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