scholarly journals Beneficial and ineffective levels of selenium for growth and muscular dystrophy

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Vitamine E

1. The effectiveness of supplementing a vitamin E-deficient basal diet with levels from 0 to 20 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite, alone and in combination with graded levels of L-cystine, sodium sulphate, L-serine and vitamine E, has been studied in chicks from 1 day of age to 4 weeks. Supplementation with Se at levels up to 1 ppm had maximum beneficial effects on growth and prevention of muscular dystrophy. Levels of Se above 1 ppm were progressively less effective, and, in chicks given supplements of 20 ppm Se, growth and muscular dystrophy were depressed to that found with chicks given the basal diet.2. Supplementation with L-cystine (0.08% and 0.16%) in combination with Se up to 1 ppm was beneficial, but this effect was progressively suppressed as the amount of Se was increased beyond this level. Supplementation with sodium sulphate (0.08% and 0.16%) or L-serine (0.08% and 0.16%) instead of L-cystine had no influence on the effectiveness of Se at any level of the latter tested.3. The effectiveness of dietary D-α-tocopheryl acetate, up to 20 mg/kg, for growth and in the prevention of muscular dystrophy was improved by Se at levels up to 1 ppm. Its effectiveness was then progressively reduced as the amount of Se was increased above 1 ppm.4. It appears that Se at low levels spares L-cystine and vitamin E in the chick, whereas at high levels it increases their requirement for growth and prevention of muscular dystrophy.

scholarly journals Selenium and α-tocopherol content in eggs produced by hens that were fed diets supplemented with selenomethionine, sodium selenite and vitamin E

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 388-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skřivan ◽  
I. Bubancová ◽  
M. Marounek ◽  
G. Dlouhá
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Egg Yolks

The effect of supplementing dietary selenium (Se) and vitamin E was investigated in 330 24-week-old laying hens. The hens were fed a basal diet containing Se and α-tocopherol at 0.11 and 26 mg/kg, respectively, or a diet supplemented with Se at 0.3 mg/kg and vitamin E between 0 and 625 mg/kg. Se was supplied as Se-methionine or sodium selenite. The eggs were collected for analysis during the third, seventh and eleventh weeks of the experiment. Supplementation of either form of Se significantly increased the Se concentration in egg yolks and whites, with a more pronounced effect caused by Se-methionine. The egg yolk α-tocopherol concentration paralleled the dietary α-tocopherol concentration. At a high dietary α-tocopherol concentration (632 mg/kg), the retinol content in egg yolks from hens fed Se-methionine increased significantly. Supplementation of Se-methionine significantly increased the α-tocopherol content in the eggs in the third and seventh weeks of the experiment. A moderate decrease in yolk cholesterol was observed in hens fed Se-methionine and α-tocopherol at 119 mg/kg. The concentration of products from lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) in egg yolks increased marginally during the refrigerated storage of the eggs for 2 weeks. The effect of dietary vitamin E on TBARS formation was generally small, although a more significant effect was observed at the highest dose tested.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary selenium on lipid oxidation, selenium and vitamin E content in the meat of broiler chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skřivan ◽  
G. Dlouhá ◽  
O. Mašata ◽  
S. Ševčíková
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of dietary sodium selenite and selenomethionine on selenium and α-tocopherol concentration in breast meat, oxidative stability of meat in broilers, and on growth performance, but only as an unimportant criterion in this case. Sexed broiler cockerels Ross 308 were allocated to 3 dietary treatments, each comprising 100 chickens. The basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control) or 0.3 mg/kg Se from sodium selenite (SS) or selenomethionine (SM). Dietary supplementation with SM increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) body weight, but only by about 3%. Breast muscle Se concentration was increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) by both Se sources, but more by SM (1.32 mg/kg dry matter; 0.47 mg/kg DM in control). The concentration of Se in excreta was 3 times higher with SS supplement than with SM supplement. Dietary Se supplementation increased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the α-tocopherol content of breast meat from 25.9 mg/kg DM in the control to 33.2 mg/kg DM when SM supplementation was used. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation decreased compared to the control. The inclusion of SM in the diet reduced (<I>P</I> < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) values in breast samples after 0, 3, and 5 days of cooler storage, whereas SS decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) the MDA of breast meat after 0 and 3 days of storage. The results of this experiment indicate that selenomethionine in the diet of broilers is capable of simultaneously increasing the content of selenium and vitamin E in broiler meat plus its stability in storage.

Effect of Dietary Selenite on Hepatic Organic Solvent-Soluble Lipofuscin Pigments

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Csallany ◽  
B.Z. Menken
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity ◽  
End Products ◽  
Oxidative Effect

Supplementation of selenium as sodium selenite results in an increase in hepatic organic solvent-soluble lipofuscin pigments, the metabolic end products of lipid peroxidation. Weanling mice fed a basal diet containing 0.05 ppm selenium had a significant increase in hepatic organic solvent-soluble lipofuscin pigments and glutathione peroxidase activity following supplementation of an additional 0.1 ppm selenium as sodium selenite from 5 to 9 months of age. Normal levels of vitamin E (30 mg/kg) were insufficient to protect against the oxidative effect of this increased dose of selenite. However, 10 times the normal level of vitamin E markedly suppressed this oxidative effect.

Some aspects of selenium metabolism in sheep

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
FB Cousins ◽  
IM Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Selenium Metabolism ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Tissue Selenium ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

The occurrence and relationship of various complaints in lambs and hoggets, preventable by selenium prophylaxis, are reviewed. The excretion and tissue retention of selenium by animals on normal feeds and on oral dosing with sodium selenite are given. Faecal excretion of selenium, even on low levels of intake, is high and it is suggested that reduction of dietary selenium to a non-available form occurs in the rumen. In all animals investigated, the kidney showed the highest selenium levels and was the organ most influenced by selenium absorption. The kidney selenium levels provide an adequate index of the animal's selenium status. Tissue selenium levels from healthy, white muscle, and ill-thrifty lambs and hoggets were investigated. There is evidence that the occurrence of muscular dystrophy in lambs, but not necessarily in hoggets, is related to lowered tissue levels of selenium. Findings with respect to ill-thrift and selenium tissue levels were equivocal. The above work is considered together with published information on the nutritional causes of muscular dystrophy in sheep.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SELENIUM ON GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN PIGLETS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. CHAVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Dietary Selenium ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
High Level

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effect of dietary selenium on glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity in plasma and body organs of growing pigs. In experiment 1, 12 piglets weaned at 2 wk and 18 weaned at 4 wk were fed for a period of 5 wk either a selenium-deficient basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.1 ppm selenium as sodium selenite. Three levels of dietary vitamin E supplemented as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were also included in this experiment in a factorial arrangement with selenium. Vitamin E was shown to have no effect on GSH-peroxidase activity. In contrast, dietary selenium exerted a significant effect on the activity of the seleno-enzyme in the plasma, pancreas, heart, lungs and kidneys of piglets. The kidneys showed the highest GSH-peroxidase activity of the organs studied. Supplemental selenium resulted in a marked increase in plasma GSH-peroxidase activity of the piglets weaned at 2 wk, and maintained a high level of activity for those weaned at 4 wk. Pancreatic activity of this enzyme in selenium-deficient animals showed a drop to about one-third the activity observed in selenium-supplemented piglets after a 5-wk period. GSH-peroxidase in heart muscle showed the same response that was observed in the pancreas. The reduction in activity of this enzyme in lungs and kidneys was much greater than in pancreas and heart. No measurable amounts of GSH-peroxidase were observed in the liver of piglets either with or without selenium supplementation. In experiment 2, six pairs of male-female piglets weaned at 2 wk of age were fed either a selenium-deficient or a selenium supplemented diet. During the 20-wk period, selenium-supplemented piglets showed an average GSH-peroxidase activity in plasma 8.2-fold higher than selenium-deficient animals. After 2 wk, selenium-deficient piglets showed an extremely low activity of the seleno-enzyme in the plasma. Thus, the measurement of GSH-peroxidase in plasma of the live animal appears to be a reliable index of nutritional selenium status in piglets.

EFFECT OF α-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION TO DAIRY COWS ON MILK AND PLASMA α-TOCOPHEROL CONCENTRATIONS AND ON SPONTANEOUS OXIDIZED FLAVOR IN MILK

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE-MARIE ST-LAURENT ◽  
J.W.G. NICHOLSON ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
M. SNODDON
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Spontaneous Oxidation ◽  
Key Words Spontaneous

An α-tocopherol supplementation study was conducted with 12 Holstein cows, assigned to one of three dietary α-tocopherol levels, 0, 700, and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1, as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Cows were fed a basal diet of alfalfa silage and a barley-corn-soybean meal grain mix. The study consisted of a pretreatment (wk 0), a treatment (wk 1 to 5) and a posttreatment phase (wk 6 and 7). Peak milk α-tocopherol levels were observed at wk 1 for the 700 IU group and at wk 2 (P < 0.05) for the 3000 IU group. During wk 2 to 5 milk α-tocopherol concentrations were highest for the 3000 IU group and peaked at 22.0 μg g−1 lipid; plasma α-tocopherol levels increased by 0.7 and 1.3 μg mL−1 for the 700 and 3000 IU groups. By the end of the posttreatment phase, milk α-tocopherol concentrations had returned to wk 0 levels. A field study was conducted of four herds (142 cows) with a chronic spontaneous oxidized flavor (SOF) milk problem. The herds were fed α-tocopherol at 0, 700 and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1 in a changeover design of 2-wk periods followed by access to spring pasture for 4-wk. Milk flavor improved when higher levels of α-tocopherol were fed and SOF was minimal when pasture was grazed. The percentage of cows in the herds producing SOF milk was 68, 61, 56, and 8 for the 0, 700 and 3000 IU d−1 treatments and pasture, respectively. α-Tocopherol levels were highest (P < 0.05) in milk for the 700 IU d−1 level of feeding and in plasma (P < 0.05) when pasture was consumed. Milk and plasma α-tocopherol levels did not correlate well with improved flavor scores. Key words: Spontaneous oxidation, milk, α-tocopherol, dairy cow, flavor, vitamin E

232 OIL SOURCES AND VITAMIN E IN THE DIET ON THE BOAR SEMEN QUALITY PRESERVED AT 5°C

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
C. A. A. Torres ◽  
E. A. M. Amorim ◽  
L. S. Amorim ◽  
J. K. Graham ◽  
J. D. Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Sperm Characteristics ◽  
Abnormal Morphology ◽  
Boar Semen

Spermatozoa experience physical and chemical stresses during cooling and freezing as a result of ice formation and osmotic changes in the medium. Sperm cryosurvival appears to depend on intrinsic properties of the sperm plasma membrane, such as biochemical composition, thermal behavior, osmotic resistance, and the physical stresses determined by the protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of oil sources and dietary supplementation of the vitamin E on boar sperm characteristics cooled at 5°C. Twenty-four mature Dalboard 85 boars, of proven fertility and in routine semen production for artificial insemination, were randomly divided, in factorial arrangement 2 × 3, with 2 oil sources (35 g kg–1 of soybean or salmon oil were added to the basal diet as a supplement) and 3 levels of antioxidants (150, 300, and 450 vitamin E mg kg–1). The antioxidant used in this study was vitamin E provided as DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. At the start of the experiment, the age of the boars ranged from 1 to 2 years old. Sperm samples were collected after 0, 1a, 4a, 7a, and 10a weeks of feeding the experimental diets, and total motility, vigor, hypoosmotic swelling (HOST), sperm morphology, and the fatty acid composition of the sperm were determined. Ejaculates from each of 24 boars were diluted to 3 × 109 sperm to 80 mL in a Beltsville thawing solution diluent and cooled to 5°C in a bottle (3 bottles/boar were cooled). After 24, 48, and 72 h, sperm samples from 1 bottle/boar were analyzed. Treatment differences for sperm parameters were determined using ANOVA. Dietary supplementation with salmon oil reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of ω6 fatty acid in fresh sperm, specifically of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5ω6), and it increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of docosahexanoic acid (22:6ω3). The motility and HOST of the animals sperm treated with salmon oil at 5°C was superior (P < 0.05) than animals treated with soybean oil, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Feeding salmon oil also increased (P < 0.05) sperm vigor after 24 and 48 h. The motility, vigor, and HOST of sperm at 5°C differed (P < 0.05) over the time they were preserved, with values at 24 h of storage being superior to sperm stored for 48 h and both being superior to sperm stored for 72 h. The percentages of sperm with abnormal morphology increased (P < 0.05) in the semen from animals treated with soybean oil. The percentages of sperm with abnormal morphology were higher (P < 0.05) in the semen at 5°C after 24, 48, and 72 h. Feeding boars salmon oil improved the sperm characteristics of boar semen cooled at 5°C during the 24 and 48 h of preservation time without using a specific diluent designed for this temperature. Supported by grants from: CNPq, FAPEMIG, Perdigao S/A., MINITUB, and Lagoa da Serra.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary vitamin C and selenium, alone and in combination, on the performance of laying hens and quality of eggs

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skřivan ◽  
M. Marounek ◽  
M. Englmaierová ◽  
V. Skřivanová
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Laying Performance

Two hundred and forty laying hens were fed diets supplemented with vitamin C and selenium (Se). Vitamin C was added at 0 or 200 mg/kg, and Se was added as sodium selenite or selenized yeast at 0.3&nbsp;mg/kg. The feed intake and egg production were measured, and egg quality parameters were determined. Supplementation of the basal diet with Se significantly increased the laying performance; however, vitamin C significantly decreased feed intake and egg production. Vitamin C increased vitamin E concentration in the yolk. Both selenite and Se-enriched yeast increased the vitamin E concentration in the yolk and the Se concentration in the yolk and albumen. The oxidative stability of yolk lipids was improved in hens fed diets supplemented with sodium selenite, but not in those fed diets supplemented with Se-yeast. After 28 days of storage, however, the beneficial effect of selenite on lipid stability ceased. The supplementation of the basal diet with vitamin C significantly worsened the oxidative stability of yolk lipids, indicating that vitamin C acted as a pro-oxidant. Thus, vitamin C increased the laying performance and influenced some traits of egg quality. The combined supplementation of vitamin C and Se did not prove to be successful.

scholarly journals Serum enzyme changes, muscular dystrophy and erythrocyte abnormalities in lambs fed on diets containing cod-liver oil and maize oil, and the therapeutic effect of vitamin E

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Aspartate Transaminase ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Serum Enzyme ◽  
Maize Oil

1. Lambs fed on skim milk containing either maize oil or cod-liver oil or both were observed for signs of muscular dystrophy, changes in serum enzymes and increases in the susceptibility of red cells to haemolysis by peroxide (peroxide haemolysis).2. Four lambs fed on the milk containing cod-liver oil, and not receiving α-tocopheryl acetate injections, developed acute muscular dystrophy, but no abnormal changes occurred in peroxide haemolysis, packed cell volume or haemoglobin concentration in the blood. Marked increases occurred in the aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities of the serum, presumably due to leakage from the degenerating tissues. One lamb given weekly injections of 100 mg α-tocopheryl acetate remained clinically normal and maintained normal serum enzyme levels. Treatment of dystrophic animals with 200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate by injection produced prompt clinical recovery and an exponential decline in the raised serum enzyme activities.3. In the five lambs fed on the skim-milk containing maize oil, muscular dystrophy did not occur. Small but significant increases occurred, however, in serum aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities. In all five animals peroxide haemolysis was greatly increased, but in only two did packed cell volume and haemoglobin values fall slightly below the lower limit of normal (mean − 2 × SD). Injections of 100–200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate neither prevented nor cured the abnormally high levels of serum enzymes and peroxide haemolysis, although a change in the diet was followed by a gradual return to normal. In one lamb given massive doses of α-tocopherol by mouth, peroxide haemolysis was not reduced. Large amounts of α-tocopherol added in vitro to erythrocytes from the lamb did, however, prevent peroxide haemolysis.4. Peroxide haemolysis did not increase in any of three lambs fed on skim milk containing both maize oil and cod-liver oil, although two of them, which were given much larger amounts of cod-liver oil than the third, developed muscular dystrophy with elevated serum enzyme levels.5. Peroxide haemolysis in lambs is evidently not a measure of vitamin E deficiency. It is suggested that increased peroxide haemolysis in lambs, like encephalomalacia in chicks, depends on the fatty acid composition of the unsaturated lipids in the diet.

scholarly journals Graded Dietary Resistant Starch Concentrations on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Fermentative End-Products and Microbial Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N Beloshapka ◽  
Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
High Level

Abstract Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut, but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. An incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square design with 7 dogs and 5 experimental periods was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (d 0-17 adaptation; d 18-21 fresh and total fecal collection) and each dog serving as its own control. Seven dogs (mean age = 5.3 yr; mean BW = 20 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments formulated to be iso-energetic and consisting of graded amounts of 100% amylopectin cornstarch, RS, and cellulose, and fed as a top dressing on the food each day. All dogs were fed the same amount of a basal diet throughout the study and fresh water was offered ad libitum. The basal diet contained 6.25% RS (DM basis), contributing approximately 18.3 g of RS/d based on their daily food intake (292.5 g DM/d). Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. The treatments included 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of an additional RS source. Because Hi-maize 260 is approximately 40% digestible and 60% indigestible starch, the dogs received the following amounts of RS daily: 0% = 18.3 g (18.3 g + 0 g); 1% = 20.1 g (18.3 g + 1.8 g); 2% = 21.9 g (18.3 g + 3.6 g); 3% = 23.7 g (18.3 g + 5.4 g); and 4% = 25.5 g (18.3 g + 7.2 g). Apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities and fecal pH were linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations were not affected by RS consumption. Although most fecal microbial taxa were not altered, Faecalibacterium were increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increased RS consumption. The decrease in fecal pH and increase in fecal Faecalibacterium would be viewed as being beneficial to gastrointestinal health. Although our results seem to indicate that RS is poorly and/or slowly fermentable in dogs, the lack of observed change may have been due to the rather high level of RS contained in the basal diet.

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