El derecho urbanístico español. Introducción a una visión crítica desde la perspectiva de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía

This paper provides an introductory analysis of the principles that inform urban planning in Spain, and shows how far removed it is from the principles of entrepreneurship, which promote freedom and the development of the potentialities of the individual. The massive body of legislation regulating city development in Spain has proven fatal to the economic prosperity of its citizens. Today, cities in Spain are the product of the most comprehensive planning imaginable (an «abuse of reason», to quote F.A. Hayek). From town planning to zoning and building volumes, every aspect is laid out in the Planes Generales de Ordenación (Comprehensive Urban Development Plans) drafted jointly by politicians and developers. Key words: Spontaneous order, planification, limitation of resources, urban legislation, dynamic efficiency, economic calculus, property. JEL Classification: B53, D43, D61, D73, H54, H76, H82, H83, K11, L38, O21, O38, P14, P25, P26, P35, R14, R21, R31, R38. Resumen: El presente artículo pretende mostrar de una forma introductoria como el derecho urbanístico español se fundamenta en principios muy alejados de la función empresarial, que permite que el ciudadano desarrolle sus facultades vitales plenamente y en libertad. Estructurado en un extenso cuerpo legal, el articulado que regula el crecimiento de la ciudad, afecta de forma inexorable a su desarrollo económico y al de sus habitantes. La ciudad moderna española es una ciudad íntegramente planificada. Se trata de un caso evidente del «abuso de la razón» que denunciaba Hayek. Todos los viales, zonas edificatorias, volúmenes y usos permitidos están ya contemplados y planificados por la administración pública a través de los llamados Planes Generales de Ordenación y sus redactores. Palabras clave: Orden espontáneo, planificación, limitación de los recursos, legislación urbanística, eficiencia dinámica, cálculo económico, propiedad. Clasificación JEL: B53, D43, D61, D73, H54, H76, H82, H83, K11, L38, O21, O38, P14, P25, P26, P35, R14, R21, R31, R38.

EFFECT OF α-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION TO DAIRY COWS ON MILK AND PLASMA α-TOCOPHEROL CONCENTRATIONS AND ON SPONTANEOUS OXIDIZED FLAVOR IN MILK

An α-tocopherol supplementation study was conducted with 12 Holstein cows, assigned to one of three dietary α-tocopherol levels, 0, 700, and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1, as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Cows were fed a basal diet of alfalfa silage and a barley-corn-soybean meal grain mix. The study consisted of a pretreatment (wk 0), a treatment (wk 1 to 5) and a posttreatment phase (wk 6 and 7). Peak milk α-tocopherol levels were observed at wk 1 for the 700 IU group and at wk 2 (P < 0.05) for the 3000 IU group. During wk 2 to 5 milk α-tocopherol concentrations were highest for the 3000 IU group and peaked at 22.0 μg g−1 lipid; plasma α-tocopherol levels increased by 0.7 and 1.3 μg mL−1 for the 700 and 3000 IU groups. By the end of the posttreatment phase, milk α-tocopherol concentrations had returned to wk 0 levels. A field study was conducted of four herds (142 cows) with a chronic spontaneous oxidized flavor (SOF) milk problem. The herds were fed α-tocopherol at 0, 700 and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1 in a changeover design of 2-wk periods followed by access to spring pasture for 4-wk. Milk flavor improved when higher levels of α-tocopherol were fed and SOF was minimal when pasture was grazed. The percentage of cows in the herds producing SOF milk was 68, 61, 56, and 8 for the 0, 700 and 3000 IU d−1 treatments and pasture, respectively. α-Tocopherol levels were highest (P < 0.05) in milk for the 700 IU d−1 level of feeding and in plasma (P < 0.05) when pasture was consumed. Milk and plasma α-tocopherol levels did not correlate well with improved flavor scores. Key words: Spontaneous oxidation, milk, α-tocopherol, dairy cow, flavor, vitamin E