scholarly journals Chapter 9. Syntax

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this chapter you will learn about the structure of sentences in Old Rusian. We will focus on case usage (sections 9.1–9.6), important syntactic constructions (sections 9.7–9.9), as well as agreement, clitics and complex sentences (sections 9.10–9.12). As you read along, you will gain a better understanding of Modern Russian too. You will see that modern adverbs such as домой ‘homewards’, сегодня ‘today’ and вчера ‘yesterday’ are relicts of Old Rusian syntactic constructions. Among the curious facts explained in this chapter is also why ‑ся is always attached to the end of the verb in Modern Russian.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3499/150">9.9 Dative absolute</a></p>

scholarly journals SOCIOLINGUISTIC POTENTIAL OF POLYPREDICATIVE SYNTAXIC CONSTRUCTIONS AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
NADEJDA EMROVNA SHAKURBANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Modern Russian

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the sociolinguistic potential of polypredicative syntactic constructions, defining the principles of analysis of multi-term complex sentences and complex sentences of a complicated type, describing the position of choosing the social roles considered in the work and justifying the inclusion of the interpersonal role “narrator” in the concept of social role in a literary text. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the need to study the syntax of the modern Russian language in the sociolinguistic aspect, since at present the sociolinguistic approach is applied only to phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology. We have not identified significant studies related to the analysis of the syntactic structure of the Russian language, and in particular, polypredicative syntactic constructions presented in the sociolinguistic aspect. Therefore, it seems to us interesting to consider this problem.

scholarly journals Appendix 2: Major Differences between Old Church Slavonic and Old Rusian

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Modern Russian

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">This appendix gives you a brief overview of the major differences between Old Church Slavonic and Old Rusian. This is obviously useful when you are working with Old Church Slavonic texts, but it also enables you to identify slavonicisms (Church Slavic elements) in Old Rusian and Modern Russian texts. For more information and examples, see Galinskaja (1997: 6–8).</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3507/156"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Major differences OR OCS</span></a></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 7. Morphology: Numbers and Numerals

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Separate Part ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Numbers are very often rendered as letters in medieval texts. Only occasionally you encounter numbers written out, so that we can see how they were pronounced and inflected. It is nevertheless worthwhile to explore the Common Slavic and Old Rusian number systems, because they provide historical explanations of many idiosyncracies and exceptions you have struggled with in Modern Russian. Have you ever wondered why два, три and четыре combine with nouns in the genitive singular? And did you know where the numeral сорок ‘forty’ comes from? After you have read this chapter you will know the answers!</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3497/152">7.1 Numerals - a separate part of speech</a></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 13. Phonology: Stress and Vowel Reduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Complex Stress ◽  
Vowel Reduction ◽  
Font Size ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stress Patterns ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Where do the complex stress patterns in Modern Russian come from? And why is Москва ‘Moscow’ pronounced with an unstressed [a] in the first syllable? In this chapter, you learn about the history of two related phenomena that cause problems for learners of Russian: stress patterns and vowel reduction in unstressed syllables.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3503/153"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">13.2 Akanje</span></a></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 12. Phonology: From Old Rusian to Modern Russian

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Why does Modern Russian have mobile vowels, such as /o/ in сон ‘dream’, which disappear in inflected forms such as the genitive singular сна? Why can the letters к, г, х be followed by и, but not ы? Why is род ‘family’ pronounced with [t] at the end, when it is spelled with the letter д, and why is легко ‘easy’ spelled with the letter г? This chapter shows that this and many other problems you have struggled with in Modern Russian are the result of phonological changes in medieval times.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3502/136" target="_blank">12.2 Jers</a> - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 8. Morphology: Verbs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Modern Russian

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Numerous exceptions and idiosyncrasies make the verb a major challenge in Modern Russian. Why are present tense forms inflected for first, second and third person, while past tense forms are inflected for masculine, feminine and neuter gender? Where do all the consonant alternations in verbs come from? Why is the particle бы used to form subjunctive constructions? You will find answers to these and many other questions in this chapter, which explores all the verb forms in Old Rusian, and explains how the modern verb system has developed.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3498/147">8.3 Aorist and imperfect</a><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 10. Phonology: Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic Vowels and Diphthongs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contemporary Standard ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now that you have learned about morphology and syntax, you are ready for phonology – the study of sound systems. Phonology is the topic of this and the following three chapters. We start with vowels and diphthongs in the Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic periods. You will learn how the difference between short and long vowels disappeared, and how a number of sound laws created a special type of syllables called “open syllables”. In addition, this chapter gives you the answer to a number of questions about Modern Russian. Why are there no words beginning with the letter ы in Contemporary Standard Russian? Why is ‘city’ represented as град in Leningrad and Stalingrad, but город in Novgorod? Why does the letter н show up in the inflected forms of nouns like имя and время (cf. nominative singular имя vs. genitive singular име<strong>н</strong>и)?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3500/135" target="_blank">10.4 Open syllables </a>  - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3500/135" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>

Analyse des erreurs grammaticale aux temps passés les étudiants du département de français UPI de deuxième semestre année scolaire 2017/2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 00015
Author(s):  
Dheny Marsyelina ◽  
Yuliarti Mutiarsih
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative ◽  
Passe Compose

<p class="Abstract">In this research, we gave a grammar test to students of the second&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 1rem;">semester, in total 50 questions, with the type of test « Closure test » in&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">the matter of the passé composé and imparfait. Then, from the result of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">this test, we analyze the grammatical errors made by the students. So,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">this study entitled « Analysis of grammatical errors at past tenses by&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">the students of the department of French UPI of second semester&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">academic year 2017/2018 ». The purpose of this research is to&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">describe grammatical errors made by the student. The research&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, and the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">dataswere obtained from the analysis of test results. Based on the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">analysis, we were able to conclude that the forms of errors are made&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">by students is the conjugation error, the usage of auxiliary error,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">without the auxiliary, without agreement and error of the usage&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">between the passé composé and imparfait in complex sentences and in&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">a text. The main factor causing these errors is the neglect of students to answer questions and the lack of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">understanding of students to use the passé composé and imparfait in complex sentences and text.</span></p>

scholarly journals Chapter 11. Phonology: Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic Consonants

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Nesset
Keyword(s):  
Font Size ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Contemporary Standard ◽  
Modern Russian

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">While studying Modern Russian grammar, you have no doubt struggled with the consonant alternations in verbal stems. Why does the stem have different shapes in могу ‘I can’ and можешь ‘you can’? Why are there consonant alternations in verbs like писать ‘write’ (пишу, пишешь, пишут) and любить ‘love’ (люблю, любишь, любят)? And why are alternations characteristic of verbs, but not of nouns? In order to find answers, we have to go back in time. This chapter compares the consonant system of Contemporary Standard Russian with those of Late Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic, and Old Rusian (section 11.1), and then takes you through consonant changes in Pre-Slavic (sections 11.2–11.3) and Common Slavic (sections 11.4–11.9).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3501/161">11.3 Ruki rule</a><br /></span></p>

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