ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P < 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P < 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P < 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.

GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY CALVES FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Milk replacers containing zero (all-milk) or 70% of the total protein from a soybean protein concentrate (soy-milk), with or without methionine supplementation, were fed to Holstein calves. Bull calves digested 91 and 89% of the dry matter (P < 0.05), and 87 and 82% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01) supplied by the all-milk and soy-milk replacers, respectively. Nitrogen retention averaged 41% of that consumed, with no difference due to protein source. DL-methionine (0.1% of the dry replacer) did not increase calf growth or nitrogen retention. Heifer calves fed whole milk, the all-milk replacer or soy-milk replacer plus methionine, and hay and concentrates, gained 496, 550 and 526 g/day, respectively, to weaning at 7 weeks of age (treatment means not significantly different at P < 0.05). Weight gains for these three groups of heifers from 7 to 15 weeks of age were 723, 650 and 599 g/day (significant difference between whole milk and soy-milk at P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that the soybean protein concentrate could supply a major portion of the protein in milk replacers for rearing dairy calves.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING SOLVENT-EXTRACTED OR FULL-FAT PRODUCTS FROM DIFFERENT RAPESEED CULTIVARS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. R. SEOANE ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Heated Water ◽  
Low Erucic Acid ◽  
Milk Replacers

Bronowski, Oro and Tower rapeseed were dehulled, heated, and water- and solvent-extracted to produce a protein concentrate (RPC) or only dehulled, heated and water-extracted to produce a full-fat rapeseed material (FFRS). These materials were added to lamb milk replacers to provide up to 50% of the dietary protein. RPC materials from the three cultivars were highly digestible (89% or more of dry matter) and produced similar values for nitrogen retention (60% of intake) by lambs. The FFRS materials were poorly digested (79% of dry matter or less) and generally decreased lamb performance. When the FFRS was passed through a colloid mill, digestibility values and retention of nitrogen increased to values equivalent to those obtained with RPC. Homogenization of the colloid-milled FFRS did not further improve its nutritive value for preruminant lambs. Thus, low-glucosinolate, low-erucic acid rapeseed which has been dehulled, heated, water-extracted and colloid-milled is a good source of protein and energy for lamb milk replacers.

GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED LIQUID DIETS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-667
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
C. D. T. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Milk and soybean protein sources in liquid diets for 2- to 5-day-old lambs were compared in four experiments. Average weight gains of lambs m experiments 1 and 2 fed an all-milk protein or soy-46 milk replacer (46% of total protein from a soybean protein concentrate), with 15% homogenized lard, for about 7 weeks were 251 and 147 g/day, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter averaged 97 and 95%, and for nitrogen, 97 and 90% (P < 0.05), respectively, for lambs fed the two milk replacers. The same all-milk or soy-46 formulas, or cow’s whole milk, plus a pelleted concentrate and hay were fed to a total of 42 lambs in experiments 3 and 4. Average weight gains to weaning at 9 and 14 kg body weight in experiments 3 and 4, respectively, were 141, 132 and 163 g/day for the three treatments. Weight gains to 40 kg body weight were 185, 190 and 239 g/day. The soybean concentrate settled out of the liquid diet and therefore was not suitable for ad libitum feeding.

scholarly journals DIGESTIBILITY OF PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND ENZYME-TREATED PEA FLOUR IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
G. F. ROYAN ◽  
C. G. YOUNGS
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Pea Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Pea Flour ◽  
Milk Replacers

In an experiment involving enzymatically hydrolyzed pea flour (HPF) and pea protein concentrate (PPC) to provide half the dietary protein in milk replacers, the pea protein was found to be about 25% digestible by calves under 2 wk of age and 65 to 70% digestible by calves 3 wk of age. The younger calves digested 42 to 53% of the pea starch; older calves digested 63 to 84%. The digestibility of dry matter, protein, energy and ether extract increased with calf age (P < 0.01). In the second trial, involving PPC at 7.7, 15.4 and 23.1% of the dry matter in milk replacers, and providing 19, 33 and 46% of the dietary protein, the digestibility coefficients for dry matter, disregarding calf age, declined from 90 to 86% as PPC increased from 15.4 to 23.1%, but the low and intermediate PPC diets were equally well digested. The reduction was due mainly to the corresponding reduction in protein digestibility. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, protein, energy, ether extract and nitrogen-free extract for milk replacer diets containing 23.1% PPC exceeded 81% with calves over 14 days old. The third experiment involved feeding the control milk replacer until the calves were 2 wk old, then commencing the feeding of PPC and HPF replacers, using formulas similar to those of the first experiment. The digestibility coefficients were similar to those of the first experiment, indicating that the observed improvement in older calves was primarily a function of calf age and not markedly influenced by the formula of the diet. These studies indicate that PPC and HPF are not satisfactory ingredients in milk replacers to be fed to calves under 2 wk of age, but, though less digestible than milk, are effectively digested thereafter.

EFFECTS OF FORMALIN ADDED TO MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, DIGESTION AND INCIDENCE OF ABOMASAL BLOAT IN LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was added at 0–0.15% (v/w) to 20% (w/w) solids milk replacers to determine its effect on utilization of nutrients, growth, feed intake and incidence of abomasal bloat in lambs. Formalin at 0.05 or 0.10% in the diet had no effect on growth, nitrogen retention and apparent digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and energy by lambs. The incidence of abomasal bloat was markedly reduced in lambs fed milk replacer twice daily to appetite when 0.10%, compared with 0 or 0.05% formalin was added. Milk replacer intake by lambs and body weight gains were reduced by the inclusion of 0.15% formalin, but there was no adverse effect on the digestive tract mucosa. Lambs fed milk replacer ad libitum at 17 C with 0.05% formalin added tended to gain more body weight to weaning than those fed refrigerated milk replacer without formalin (237 vs. 192 g/day); weight gains to 10 wk were 224 and 222 g/day, respectively. The same milk replacer containing 0.05% formalin was fed to lambs either ad libitum or restricted to 900 g/day after 8 days of age. Weight gains to weaning at 28 days were 311 and 212 g/day, and to 10 wk were 259 and 220 g/day, respectively. Milk replacer dry matter intakes per lamb were 8.8 and 5.4 kg. There was no abomasal bloating in lambs when fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of milk replacer with 0.05% formalin added.

Milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate for preruminant lambs: interrelationships between methionine, cystine and choline

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers containing a soybean protein concentrate (as the sole source of protein) to supply 25 % of the total dietary energy as protein. The minimum intake of methionine plus cystine (M+C) that was coincident with maximum nitrogen balance was estimated (mean�s.e.) at 38.5�1.8 mg/100 kJ diet (equivalent to 3.6�0.2 g sulfur amino acids/16 g nitrogen). When the concentration of M+C was raised to this level by supplementation with DL-methionine, the addition of choline chloride, in amounts to give final concentrations varying from approximately one-seventh up to twice the concentration in cows' milk, did not affect nitrogen balance. The maximum replacement value of cystine for methionine (as judged by the effect on nitrogen balance), in milk replacers adequately supplen~ented with choline chloride and sulfur amino acids, was 47% on a weight basis, or 52% when calculated on the basis of moles of sulfur.

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