EFFECTS OF FORMALIN ADDED TO MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, DIGESTION AND INCIDENCE OF ABOMASAL BLOAT IN LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was added at 0–0.15% (v/w) to 20% (w/w) solids milk replacers to determine its effect on utilization of nutrients, growth, feed intake and incidence of abomasal bloat in lambs. Formalin at 0.05 or 0.10% in the diet had no effect on growth, nitrogen retention and apparent digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and energy by lambs. The incidence of abomasal bloat was markedly reduced in lambs fed milk replacer twice daily to appetite when 0.10%, compared with 0 or 0.05% formalin was added. Milk replacer intake by lambs and body weight gains were reduced by the inclusion of 0.15% formalin, but there was no adverse effect on the digestive tract mucosa. Lambs fed milk replacer ad libitum at 17 C with 0.05% formalin added tended to gain more body weight to weaning than those fed refrigerated milk replacer without formalin (237 vs. 192 g/day); weight gains to 10 wk were 224 and 222 g/day, respectively. The same milk replacer containing 0.05% formalin was fed to lambs either ad libitum or restricted to 900 g/day after 8 days of age. Weight gains to weaning at 28 days were 311 and 212 g/day, and to 10 wk were 259 and 220 g/day, respectively. Milk replacer dry matter intakes per lamb were 8.8 and 5.4 kg. There was no abomasal bloating in lambs when fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of milk replacer with 0.05% formalin added.

EFFECTS OF FAT LEVELS IN MILK REPLACERS AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN CREEP FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two growth trials were conducted to determine an optimum level of fat in milk replacer and an optimum level of protein in creep feed for artificially reared lambs. In experiment 1, milk replacers containing 31 or 36% fat (dry matter, DM, basis) were fed ad libitum to 58 lambs at 1 day of age. The protein was supplied by low-heat spray-dried skim milk powder and Na caseinate and the fat from a mixture of 10% coconut oil and 90% tallow. A finely ground unpelleted creep feed with 20% protein, on a DM basis, was fed ad libitum. The lambs consumed more of the 31% fat milk replacer and gained more live weight (288 vs. 254 g/day; P < 0.025) to weaning at 25–30 days of age than did lambs fed the 36% fat formula. Weight gains to 10 wk of age were 190 and 170 g/day, respectively (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 84 lambs were fed a 26% fat milk replacer ad libitum, and creep feeds with 15, 20 or 25% protein (DM basis). The supplementary protein was supplied by herring meal and soybean meal. Weight gains of lambs to weaning at 24 days of age were similar on the three creep feeds. However, gains to 10 wk of age averaged 218, 235 and 244 g/day (P < 0.05) on the 15, 20 and 25% protein diets, respectively. One and 2 kg of DM were consumed/kg lamb body weight gain to weaning and to 10 wk of age, respectively. It was concluded that the milk replacer should contain 26–31% fat, and the creep feed 20% protein or more for maximal performance of artificially reared lambs.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ADDED BULK ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND DIARRHEA IN CALVES FED MILK REPLACER

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Enzymatic Changes

Liquid milk replacera with or without added sawdust, purified wood cellulose or oat hulls (3% of dry replacer), or whole milk were fed to dairy calves in metabolism cages to study growth, digestibility, physical, chemical and enzymatic changes in the digestive tract, and incidence of diarrhea. In a relatively draft-free room at 21–22 °C bulk tended to increase1 fecal dry matter (19.6 vs. 17.1%). Bulk, especially oat hulls, also tended to reduce incidence of diarrhea compared with milk replacer fed alone. Bulk had no effect on calf growth, digestibility of milk replacer nutrients or nitrogen retention. Oat hulls were the only bulk source which entered the rumen, causing development of this organ, and increasing the percent dry matter and lowering the pH of abomasal contents. It was concluded that bulk, especially in the rumen, may exert a beneficial effect on the digestive tract of calves consuming only milk replacer.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF INCLUSION OF GRADED LEVELS OF BREWERS DRIED GRAINS (BDG) IN THE DIETS OF EARLY-WEANED PIGS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE UP TO 10 WEEKS OF AGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
F. N. MADUBUIKE
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Bean Meal

Forty-eight (48) Yorkshire female and castrated male pigs early weaned at 21 days, with average initial body weight of 8.14 kg were used to assess the effects of including graded levels of Brewers dried grains (BDG) in their diets on their performance until 10 weeks of age. Brewers dried grains were added to the 18 per cent crude protein corn-soy bean meal diets at the rate of O, 5, 10 or 15% level, each BDG level constituting a treatment Inclusion of BDG up to 15% had no adverse effect on the total gains and average daily weight gains of the test pigs. However, although the average daily feed intake and feed: gam ratio did not differ between the control pigs and those pigs with 5 and 10% BDG in their diets (between which there was no difference), the 15% BDG increased both average daily feed intake and feed: gain ratio. Not only did the pigs on 15% BDG consume more feed per unit of gain, they also scoured more frequently than the others, showing a lower degree of tolerance for increased fiber level (unlike the older pigs reported in the literature). The results of this study thus confirm the feasibility of using BDG in the diet of early weaned pigs, although the degree of tolerance appears to be age or body weight dependent.

scholarly journals Formulasi Susu Pengganti dan Evaluasi Pengaruhnya terhadap Performa Anak Domba Kembar

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Asep Sudarman ◽  
Harun Fatmiati ◽  
Lilis Khotijah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mother's Milk ◽  
Mother’S Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

The purpose of this experiment was to formulate and evaluate milk replacer on the production performance of twin lambs from before weaning to one month after weaning. Three pairs of twin lambs aged two weeks with a body weight of 3.83 ± 0.4 kg were divided into two groups, each consisting of three lambs. The treatments applied were PSI = lamb given mother's milk and PMR = lamb given milk replacer. Pre-weaning dry matter consumption data were analyzed descriptively and other data were analyzed using the T-test. The results showed that the dry matter consumption lambs that were given milk replacers in pre-weaning was 164.18 ± 31.25 g/head/day with the largest proportion coming from milk replacers (61.4%). PSI group lambs had dry matter and energy consumption after weaning, daily gain before and after weaning, and body weight when weaned were significantly higher (P <0.05) than the PMR group lambs. However, the ratio of feed conversion and body weight at 90 days in the two groups of lamb were not significantly different. All lambs were healthy and no one died. It is concluded that formulated milk replacer provides production performance in lambs that are equivalent to lambs fed with mother's milk.

ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P < 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P < 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P < 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FISH PROTEIN SOURCES AND MILK BY-PRODUCTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
ELIZABETH LARMOND ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Acid Whey ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
By Products

Three fish protein sources and milk by-products were used in milk replacers. Thirty Holstein heifer calves were fed five different milk replacers as follows: all-milk nitrogen control, and four with 65% of the nitrogen supplied by steam-dried herring meal and the remaining nitrogen from milk as: (a) skim milk powder, (b) skim milk and acid whey powders; and (c) acid whey powder partially neutralized with NaOH or (d) Ca(OH)2. Body weight gains were greater for calves fed the control milk replacer; from birth to 26 wk of age, calves weaned from this milk replacer gained 822 g/day, compared with 662, 731, 741 and 699 g/day, respectively, on diets a to d noted above (P < 0.05). A digestion and nitrogen balance trial with four bull calves fed the four herring meal milk replacers in a 4 × 4 latin square showed relatively poor utilization of the herring meal, especially for calves at 2–4 wk of age. The apparent dry matter digestibility was 75% when the acid whey in the diet was neutralized with Ca(OH)2, compared with 81% when it was neutralized with NaOH. Three milk replacers containing 62% of the total nitrogen from herring meal, isopropanol-extracted fish protein concentrate (FPC), or predigested FPC were compared using six Holstein bull calves in two 3 × 3 latin squares. Apparent digestion of dry matter and energy by the calves was similar for the three diets. Nitrogen digestibility was 82% in the herring meal and 86% in the predigested FPC diet (P < 0.05). At the end of the digestion trial, the calves were continued on the same diet to 91 kg body weight. Body weight gains by all calves averaged 1 kg/day. Loin roasts from the calves fed the herring meal diet were tougher and had an objectionable odor compared with those from calves fed the two FPC diets or whole milk. It was concluded that FPC could be a useful ingredient in calf milk replacers, and that herring meal was not well utilized by calves at 2–4 wk of age.

PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG LAMBS FED A CLOTTING OR A NON-CLOTTING MILK REPLACER

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 993-996
Author(s):  
JOCELYNE DELISLE ◽  
HÉLÈNE V. PETIT ◽  
FRANCINE GIGUÈRE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen male lambs weighing 2.8 – 5.8 kg and 3–5 d old were fed for 5 wk a clotting milk replacer with or without an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation in the abomasum. Milk replacers were fed ad libitum at room temperature using formalin (0.1% vol vol−1) as preservative. Dry matter intake and average daily gains were the same (P > 0.05) for both the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and lipids was also similar (P > 0.05) for both treatments. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, milk replacer, clotting, coagulation, digestibility

GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY LAMBS FED LIQUID DIETS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-667
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
C. D. T. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Milk and soybean protein sources in liquid diets for 2- to 5-day-old lambs were compared in four experiments. Average weight gains of lambs m experiments 1 and 2 fed an all-milk protein or soy-46 milk replacer (46% of total protein from a soybean protein concentrate), with 15% homogenized lard, for about 7 weeks were 251 and 147 g/day, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter averaged 97 and 95%, and for nitrogen, 97 and 90% (P < 0.05), respectively, for lambs fed the two milk replacers. The same all-milk or soy-46 formulas, or cow’s whole milk, plus a pelleted concentrate and hay were fed to a total of 42 lambs in experiments 3 and 4. Average weight gains to weaning at 9 and 14 kg body weight in experiments 3 and 4, respectively, were 141, 132 and 163 g/day for the three treatments. Weight gains to 40 kg body weight were 185, 190 and 239 g/day. The soybean concentrate settled out of the liquid diet and therefore was not suitable for ad libitum feeding.

EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON THE UTILIZATION OF HIGH-FORAGE DIETS BY CATTLE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. RUIZ ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Forage Diets

A feedlot trial and a digestion and nitrogen balance trial were carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding one (1 ×) or four times (4 ×) daily on the utilization of two high-forage diets. On a dry matter basis, diet 1 contained 76% alfalfa haylage and 22% high-moisture corn; diet 2 contained 93% corn silage and 4% soybean meal; the balance was composed of mineral and Rumensin premixes. In the feedlot trial, feed was offered ad libitum, and feeding frequency resulted in small differences in eating patterns within diets. Thus, rate of gain, feed intake and conversion were not significantly affected. In the digestion trial, feed intake was restricted to 90% of each individual's maximum intake, which resulted in larger differences in eating patterns between 1 × and 4 × feeding. Under these conditions, feeding frequently increased (P < 0.05) dry matter and organic matter digestibility, as well as N retention (percent of N intake). Increased feeding frequency had no beneficial effects under ad libitum feeding of high-forage diets. However, under restricted feeding, feeding more frequently improved total diet digestibility and nitrogen retention. Key words: Cattle, feeding frequency, digestibility, growth, nitrogen retention

Molasses in early-weaning rations for calves

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (76) ◽  
pp. 587
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Weight Gains

An experiment was conducted with 50 male, Friesian calves from 2 to 11 weeks of age. There were two basal diets, one containing meat meal and the other containing meat meal and urea as protein supplements to concentrate diets. The diets were fed with and without the addition of 5 per cent dried molasses. The addition of molasses to the diets increased the feed intake of both diets by 11 to 16 per cent. This resulted in increased weight gains of calves and increased nitrogen retention. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was not affected.

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