EFFECT OF ACTUAL VERSUS SIMULATED GRAZING ON PASTURE PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
R. B. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Simulated Grazing ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Clipping Technique ◽  
Forage Mixtures ◽  
Pasture Productivity

Forage mixtures consisting of grasses alone, legumes alone or both were compared for pasture productivity using plots grazed by beef steers or clipped to simulate grazing. Each forage mixture was grown without nitrogen fertilization or with 140 kg/ha per year of nitrogen applied in five equal applications. While related parameters of the grazed and clipped plots showed positive and statistically significant correlations, i.e., for dry matter production +0.49, significant at P < 0.05, the coefficients were not sufficiently high for the clipping technique to provide reliable predictions of treatment performance under grazing conditions. Greater yields were produced on the grazed than on the clipped area. The levels of N, K and Mg in the separated fractions (grass, legumes and weeds) are given for each sward and nitrogen treatment for both grazing treatments, while the P and Ca levels are given for the grazed plots. The greatest difference between grazing treatments for mineral composition of the forage was in K content.

scholarly journals PASTURE PRODUCTIVITY OF THREE SWARDS WITH AND WITHOUT NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-473
Author(s):  
F. W. CALDER ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Forage Mixtures ◽  
Pasture Productivity

Forage mixtures of grasses alone, legumes alone or both were compared for pasture productivity using replicated plots grazed by beef steers for three grazing seasons. Each forage mixture was grown without nitrogen fertilization or with 140 kg/ha per year of nitrogen applied in five equal applications. The highest yields of forage dry matter and total digestible nutrients (TDN), calculated from animal maintenance requirements and body weight gains, were from the grass-legume sward with nitrogen, 8479 kg/ha dry matter and 2514 kg of TDN/ha. The lowest were from grass without nitrogen, 5029 kg/ha dry matter and 1809 kg TDN/ha. Application of nitrogen had little effect on TDN production from legume swards, but significantly increased that from the grass and grass-legume swards. The average responses to nitrogen for all swards over the three-year experiment were 42, 367 and 431 kg of TDN/ha for the legume, grass-legume, and grass swards, respectively. This was sufficient to double the monetary returns on the grass sward and return one and one-half as much on the grass-legume sward.

A COMPARISON OF FOUR SYSTEMS OF MANAGING YEARLING BEEF STEERS ON ROTATIONALLY GRAZED, BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA PASTURE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-529
Author(s):  
J. A. ROBERTSON ◽  
D. A. COOKE ◽  
S. E. BEACOM
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Selection Of

Four systems of animal management were applied to a rotationally grazed mixed sward of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers.) for a period of 7 yr using yearling beef steers. The systems included (i) put and take stocking; (ii) set stocking at 2.5 steers/ha with surplus herbage conserved as silage and fed later in the season; (iii) set stocking at 3.7 steers/ha, pasture herbage supplemented with oat soilage and (iv) set stocking as in (iii), pasture herbage supplemented with dry-rolled barley. Nitrogen, at the rate of 90 kg N/ha, was applied each spring during the last 4 yr of the experiment. Forage dry matter production varied from 1760 to 5750 kg/ha between years and was highly correlated with precipitation during the growing season. Average daily gains were similar for treatments i–iii at 1.03 kg/head. Feeding supplementary barley increased rate of gain to 1.19 kg (P < 0.01), produced an additional 20 kg liveweight per steer per season and was utilized with an average efficiency of 6.6 kg dry matter per kilogram gain. Average daily gain varied significantly (P < 0.01) between years and was inversely related to dry matter production. The feeding of oat soilage or barley and the harvesting and feeding of silage reduced the variation in gain both within and between seasons compared to the put and take stocking system. Factors affecting the selection of the most appropriate management system by a producer are discussed.

Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Scots pine trees: total annual biomass increment, needle efficiency, and aboveground allocation of biomass increment

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Valinger
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Biomass Increment ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Annual Biomass

The effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization, singly and in combination, on growth of 45-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) trees in northern Sweden were examined for 5 years after treatment. Annual examination of trees determined height growth, diameter growth, crown development, annual biomass increment, aboveground biomass allocation, and needle efficiency in relation to treatments. Nitrogen fertilization increased total dry matter production. The combination of thinning and nitrogen fertilization increased total dry matter production per tree more than the additive effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization singly. Dry matter production per hectare was increased by nitrogen fertilization. Needle efficiency, i.e., total annual aboveground biomass production per unit of needle mass, was also increased by nitrogen fertilization. The increased aboveground production after nitrogen fertilization resulted from both an increase in biomass of needles and from the increased needle efficiency. The allocation pattern indicated that an increased production of stemwood was a result of a larger biomass of needles. An increase in cone production of the control trees was associated with a decrease in needle efficiency.

scholarly journals Growth bioestimulant in marandu grass cultivated in the amazon biome

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3335-3350
Author(s):  
Grazielle de Carvalho Reis ◽  
◽  
Wildiney Freire de Oliveira ◽  
Camila Cunha da Silva ◽  
Bruno Pereira da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a biostimulant on the morphogenesis, structure, productivity, and chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, managed under two nitrogen fertilization levels. Collections were carried out during the dry (June to September) and the rainy season (September to April). The experimental area was divided into 48 plots of 8 m2 each, using a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (0, 1, 2, and 3 L ha−1 of biostimulant × 50 and 150 kg N ha−1 year−1), and subdivided over time into dry and rainy seasons. Treatments were applied in a single dose. An interaction was observed between biostimulant and nitrogen fertilization for the total forage dry matter production and daily forage dry matter production, in which an increase of 30.1 and 25.3% was observed in the total dry matter production and 33.7 and 27.6% in the daily dry matter production when using 1 and 2 L ha−1 of biostimulant, respectively, compared to the non-application of biostimulant and with fertilization of 50 kg N ha−1 year−1. The leaf life-span showed a triple interaction (biostimulant × nitrogen fertilization × season), and a decomposition of the interaction showed that the fertilization of 150 kg N ha−1 year−1 provided a shorter leaf life-span during the dry season, with no difference for the other combinations of factors. No interactions were found for the chemical-bromatological composition, with no differences for the biostimulant application. Biostimulant doses of 1 and 2 L ha−1 increase the dry matter production per hectare in the nitrogen fertilization of 50 kg N ha−1 year−1, but its action is not effective with the highest nitrogen fertilization (150 kg N ha−1 year−1).

scholarly journals Optical crop sensor for variable-rate nitrogen fertilization in corn: i - plant nutrition and dry matter production

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1288-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jardes Bragagnolo ◽  
Telmo Jorge Carneiro Amado ◽  
Rodrigo da Silveira Nicoloso ◽  
Joerg Jasper ◽  
Junior Kunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
N Content ◽  
Matter Production

Variable-rate nitrogen fertilization (VRF) based on optical spectrometry sensors of crops is a technological innovation capable of improving the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and mitigate environmental impacts. However, studies addressing fertilization based on crop sensors are still scarce in Brazilian agriculture. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of an optical crop sensor to assess the nutritional status of corn and compare VRF with the standard strategy of traditional single-rate N fertilization (TSF) used by farmers. With this purpose, three experiments were conducted at different locations in Southern Brazil, in the growing seasons 2008/09 and 2010/11. The following crop properties were evaluated: above-ground dry matter production, nitrogen (N) content, N uptake, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) reading, and a vegetation index measured by the optical sensor N-Sensor® ALS. The plants were evaluated in the stages V4, V6, V8, V10, V12 and at corn flowering. The experiments had a completely randomized design at three different sites that were analyzed separately. The vegetation index was directly related to above-ground dry matter production (R² = 0.91; p<0.0001), total N uptake (R² = 0.87; p<0.0001) and SPAD reading (R² = 0.63; p<0.0001) and inversely related to plant N content (R² = 0.53; p<0.0001). The efficiency of VRF for plant nutrition was influenced by the specific climatic conditions of each site. Therefore, the efficiency of the VRF strategy was similar to that of the standard farmer fertilizer strategy at sites 1 and 2. However, at site 3 where the climatic conditions were favorable for corn growth, the use of optical sensors to determine VRF resulted in a 12 % increase in N plant uptake in relation to the standard fertilization, indicating the potential of this technology to improve NUE.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Photosynthetic Characters and Dry Matter Production in F1Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativaL.)

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abu Zaman Sarker ◽  
Seiichi Murayama ◽  
Hikaru Akamine ◽  
Ichiro Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production

YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF FORAGE SEEDINGS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Grant ◽  
C. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment

Over 2 tons of dry matter per acre were obtained from pure seedings of timothy and of brome in the seeding year with an application of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Nitrogen at 200 and 400 pounds per acre produced no further significant yield increase. In the second year, yields were significantly increased by each increment of nitrogen applied in the seeding year up to and including 400 pounds per acre with brome and 200 pounds per acre with timothy. Nitrogen content of grasses increased with each increment of nitrogen in the seeding year but this effect was not consistent in the second year. Over the 2-year period grasses recovered approximately 65 per cent of the applied nitrogen at the 100- and 200-pound levels and about 40 per cent at the 400-pound level.Red clover and alfalfa seeded in mixture with timothy and with brome were about equal in yield to grass alone plus 100 pounds of nitrogen in the seeding year and were much superior in the second year. Application of 100 pounds of nitrogen to grass-legume mixtures increased both yield and nitrogen content in the first cutting. In subsequent cuttings, total yield and legume fraction of the yield were often depressed by nitrogen treatment; exceptions were noted where legume stands were weak.Apparent nitrogen fixation by the legumes was consistently reduced by nitrogen treatment. Vigorous legume stands had an apparent nitrogen fixation of 60 pounds per acre in the seeding year and up to 200 pounds in the second year.

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