THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG DAIRY CALVES

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Brisson ◽  
H. M. Cunningham ◽  
S. R. Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Digestible Protein

The protein and energy requirements of pre-weanling dairy calves were studied through the use of growth and balance trial techniques. Various levels of protein and energy were fed in both purified and semi-purified diets. The nitrogen retention of calves fed diets adequate in protein was 3.22 gm. per 100 gm. of gain in body weight. Energy requirement for maintenance was 44.7 digestible Calories per kg. of body weight per day and 268 digestible Calories were required per 100 gm. of gain in weight. These factors, along with previously determined values for endogenous nitrogen, were used to calculate the practical digestible energy and apparent digestible protein requirements of dairy calves.

scholarly journals Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact Male Cats with and without Predisposition to Overweight

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Wichert ◽  
Julia Trossen ◽  
Daniel Uebelhart ◽  
Marcel Wanner ◽  
Sonja Hartnack
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Feeding Station ◽  
Condition Score

Obesity is a common problem in cats. In the experimental cat family of the institute of animal nutrition besides a “normal” lean phenotype, cats with predisposition to an overweight phenotype are present. To investigate energy requirements and food intake behaviour of intact male cats of different phenotypes, six “normal” lean cats (GL) and six cats disposed to overweight (GO) were used. At the beginning of the experiment, all cats had an ideal body condition score of 5. To reach this the GO cats had to pass a weight-loss program. Energy requirements of the cats were determined using respiration chambers, whereas the amount and frequency of food intake was measured with a feeding station recording the data automatically. Energy requirement at weight constancy of the GO cats was even on fat-free mass (FFM) significantly (P=0.02) lower (162.6 kJ/kg FFM/d) than that of the “normal” lean cats (246 kJ/kg FFM/d). The GO cats also showed a higher food intake34.5±1.5 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67compared to the GL cats (24.0±2.1 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67)(P=0.001). In conclusion quantifiable differences in food intake and behaviour in cats predisposed to overweight compared to “normal” lean cats were found.

A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

scholarly journals California net energy system for Bos taurus indicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998
Author(s):  
Mario Luiz Chizzotti ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Pedro Del Bianco Benedeti ◽  
Flávia Adriane de Sales Silva
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus Indicus

Abstract The California net energy system (CNES) was the reference for the development of most energy requirement systems worldwide, such as Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NASEM, Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 8th Revised ed, 2016) and Brazilian Nutrient Requirements of Zebu and Crossbred Cattle (Valadares Filho, S. C., L. F. C. Silva, M. P. Gionbelli, P. P. Rotta, M. I. Marcondes, M. L. Chizzotti, and L. F. Prados, BR-CORTE: nutrient requirements of zebu and crossbred cattle, 3rd ed, 2016). This review aimed to compare methods used by NASEM and BR-CORTE to estimate the energy requirements for beef cattle. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) of BR-CORTE is based on empty body weight (EBW), whereas NASEM uses shrunk body weight (SBW), but the Bos taurus indicus presents 10% to 8% lower NEm than Bos taurus taurus. We have compared animals with different EBW and SBW but with same equivalent empty body weight/standard reference weight ratio (0.75), as both systems have suggested different mature weights. Both systems predicted similar net energy requirements for gain (NEg) for animals with 1.8 kg of daily gain. However, estimated empty body gain was lower for NASEM estimations when the same metabolizable energy for gain is available. For pregnancy and lactation of beef cows, the NEm and net energy requirements for pregnancy (NEp) of a Zebu cow estimated by BR-CORTE were lower than the values estimated by NASEM. Furthermore, the magnitude of differences between these systems regarding NEp increased as pregnancy days increase. The NASEM and BR-CORTE systems have presented similar values for energy requirement for lactation (0.72 and 0.75 Mcal/kg milk, respectively).

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein × Gyr calves fed milk with milk replacer containing increasing dry-matter concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (15) ◽  
pp. 1800
Author(s):  
M. R. Jolomba ◽  
A. L. Silva ◽  
C. M. Veloso ◽  
R. A. Azevedo ◽  
S. G. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Context There is a lack of studies concerning the nutrient requirements of dairy calves, mainly, evaluating different genetic groups. Aims The objective was to quantify energy and protein requirements of dairy calves up to 60 days, testing the influence of genetic composition (Holstein or crossbred Holstein × Gyr) on these requirements. Methods The study involved 42 bull calves (3 days of age), including animals with less than 15/16 Holstein composition (considered crossbred) and animals with more than 15/16 Holstein pedigree (considered purebred). Six calves were slaughtered at the start of the experiment to estimate the initial body composition of the animals. Of the remaining animals, four formed the maintenance group (fed 3 L/day of raw milk), and the other 32 were distributed into four treatments, which consisted of 6 L/day of raw milk, with increasing DM contents of 13.5%, 16.1%, 18.2% and 20.4% respectively. The DM contents were corrected for adding milk replacer to the raw milk. All animals had free access to starter feed and water. Digestibility trials were conducted at 28 and 56 days of life, with total faeces collection being performed for 5 days and urine collection for a period of 24 h. At 60 days of life, the animals were slaughtered to determine their body composition. Key results Net energy requirements for maintenance and metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance were 57.6 and 86.8 kcal/(empty bodyweight, EBW)0.75.day respectively. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for maintenance was 66%. Net energy requirements for gain (NEg, Mcal/day) can be estimated by the following equation: , where EBG is empty body gain (kg/day) and EBW is in kilograms. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was 27%. The metabolisable-protein requirement for maintenance was 3.22 g/EBW0.75.day. Net protein requirement for gain (NPg, g/day) can be estimated by the following equation:, where RE is retained energy (Mcal/day). The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable protein for gain was 59.1%. Conclusions Genetic group does not affect energy or protein requirements of pre-weaned calves. The estimates presented here can be used to calculate nutrient requirements of pre-weaned calves aged up to 60 days. Implications Inclusion of milk replacer in the liquid feed had a negative impact on diet quality.

scholarly journals Validation of energy requirement equations for estimation of breast milk consumption in infants

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2309-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Schoen ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo test equations for calculating infants’ energy requirements as a simple and reliable instrument for estimating the amount of breast milk consumed in epidemiological studies where test-weighing is not possible.DesignInfants’ energy requirements were calculated using three different equations based on reference data and compared with actual energy intakes assessed using the 3 d weighed dietary records of breast-fed infants from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study.SettingA sub-sample of 323 infants from the German DONALD Study who were predominantly breast-fed for at least the first four months of life, and who had 3 d weighed dietary records and repeated body weight measurements within the first year of life.SubjectsHealthy, term infants breast-fed for at least 4 months, 0–12 months of age.ResultsThe overall differences between measured energy intake and calculated energy requirements were quite small, never more than 10 % of total energy intake, and smaller than the mean variance of energy intake between the three days of recording. The equation of best fit incorporated body weight and recent growth, while the worst fit was found for the equation not considering body weight.ConclusionsBreast milk consumption in fully and partially breast-fed infants can be reasonably quantified by calculating the infants’ individual energy requirements via simple equations. This provides a feasible approach for estimating infant energy intake in epidemiological studies where test-weighing of breast milk is not possible.

Studies on goat nutrition Part II. Digestible protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Endogenous Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. The crude protein requirement of goats for maintenance has been determined from balance studies. The requirement per kg., as found by three different methods of treatments of the balance data, is practically the same, viz. 2·63 g. crude protein.2. The digestible crude protein requirement also has been calculated, again by two different methods, and is estimated at 1·12 lb./1000 lb. body weight. This value is undoubtedly very much higher than the value (0·65 lb./1000 lb.) obtained previously from the endogenous urinary nitrogen determinations alone.3. The dry-matter requirement of goat per 100 lb. live weight has been determined. Calculated on the basis of live weight raised to the power 0·734, the requirement was found to be 2·6 lb./100 lb.

150 A Factorial Approach to Estimate Energy Requirements and Feeding Levels for Boars in Studs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 144-144
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Michael Kleve-Feld ◽  
Mark E Wilson ◽  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Wayne R Cast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Input Interface

Abstract Boars are a source of genetic improvement and influence farrowing rate and litter size. Overfeeding boars increases incidence of feet and leg problems and reduces libido, whereas underfeeding boars may decrease semen output and libido. To help boar stud personnel estimate the energy requirements and base feeding levels, an interactive web application named PIC Optimum Boar Feeding Tool has been developed. The application encompasses three components, including an input interface using dynamic models to estimate energy requirement, an output interface displaying recommended feeding program, and functional modules facilitating the ease of use. The input interface requests users to provide the start and final weight of boars in isolation, isolation length, boar stud room temperature, number of collections per week, and dietary energy level. The daily energy requirement (Mcal of ME/day) is calculated using the following energy-demanding factors: 1) maintenance, 0.1823 × (body weight, kg)0.665; 2) weight gain, 0.00489 × (average daily gain, kg/d); 3) each degree below 17°C for individually penned boars on slatted floors, 0.00382 × (body weight, kg)0.75; 4) mating activity, 0.0043 × (body weight, kg)0.75; and 5) sperm production, 0.1. These factors and the user-defined inputs including dietary energy, are used to calculate a daily feeding amount. The users also have the option to calculate the recommended feeding level for boars of specified body weight. Other functional modules include a flank-to-flank measurement tool that estimates boar body weight and customized downloadable nutrient specifications. This web application incorporates a spectrum of biological, nutritional, and management aspects to allow boar stud personnel to easily make boar feeding decisions.

scholarly journals Protein and Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth in Juvenile Meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
I. Jauralde ◽  
J. Velazco-Vargas ◽  
A. Tomás-Vidal ◽  
M. Jover Cerdá ◽  
S. Martínez-Llorens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius

The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day−1 in trial A and 1.73% day−1 in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg−0.7 day−1, the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg−0.7 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg−0.7 day−1. The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg−0.82 day−1. The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.

EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: XII. EFFECTS OF CALORIE RESTRICTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Narayana Rao ◽  
A. B. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Calorie Restriction ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

The effects of calorie restriction on net protein utilization (N.P.U.) were studied with proteins of different nutritional value. When protein intake remained constant, reduction in the intake from 32 to 16 kcal per day resulted in a rapid decline in N.P.U. values. Increases in body weight were directly proportional to calorie intake per kg0.73 body weight. Even under conditions of marked caloric restriction, only 70–75% of the ingested protein was used for energy purposes, the rest evidently being used in essential anabolic activities. Studies on carcass composition showed that animals on restricted calorie intakes tried to adapt through shifts in metabolism, and utilized fat in preference to protein for caloric requirements. RNA metabolism in liver and muscle was influenced by energy and protein intakes.When the percentage of calories from protein remained constant, N.P.U. values were not markedly altered until the calorie intake reached the maintenance energy requirement of 150 kcal per kg0.73 body weight. Below this point, N.P.U. values dropped sharply, the rate of decrease being greater for proteins of higher nutritive value. Differences in the nutritive value of proteins, as shown by their ability to satisfy protein requirements in protein-depleted rats, still existed even at restricted intakes of calories.

Energy requirements of the dasyurid marsupial mouse Antechinus swainsonni (Waterhouse)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. McT. Cowan ◽  
A. M. O'Riordan ◽  
J. S. McT. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Food Passage ◽  
Blarina Brevicauda ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Food Energy

The requirements of the marsupial "mouse" Antechinus swainsonii for energy and water have been investigated using five individuals. The rate of food passage is recorded. Apparent digestible energy requirement for normal activity, determined by the equation, food energy less fecal energy, averages 23.3 kcal per day for 50-g animals. This is close to 4 times the calculated basal metabolic energy requirement. The equation relating water intake to apparent digestible energy (ADE) is y = 0.299x1,2. Rate of food passage is such that 90% of the residues are eliminated in 12 h, and 99% in 18 h. Among eutherian mammals, Antechinus most closely resembles the short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda.

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