scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with maples consortia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko ◽  
O. A. Reva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual maple consortia (Acer campestre). This work material has been collected during different seasons of 2004‒2010 years in the linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary» ecological profile, Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 214 examples of three age conditions maple trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals– g2–g3) has been investigated. Some bird species daily time budget (DTB) per autotroph exampl on average has been the basic parameter for the birds’ participation in the consortia functioning assessment. The maple consortia communities have been revealed in the result of investigation to be the basic for the oak birds. Non-forest birds species almost have not appeared in them, which differs them from the consortia of the oak forests edificators, for instance, oak. Field maple attracts birds in the cold seasons because of its participation in the forest stand formation and of its ontogenesis course. Field maple seeds remain on the tree during the autumn and winter and support the birds vital activity in this period, unlike oak. The total birds’ activity in the trees decreases significantly in the fall. But such situation is observed in autumn only on virg maple. Maples g1, g2–g3, on the contrary, attract birds in autumn more than in summer. There are more DTB birds on these maples in autumn than in summer, because of the late leaf falling and numerous fruits availability. Birds eat actively phytophages on maple fruits. The autumn community of wild maple birds aged g2–g3 is the most active on DTB index. On the other hand, the species composition on generative maples decreases two to three times in comparison with summer. In winter the birds DTB activity on maple decreases by 15–20 times, because of the wintering birds migration to the settlements. Very few birds remain in the oak forest in winter. But the birds wintering in the oak forest species composition is quite diverse, which affects the birds’ species composition of the maple consortiums in winter. It is more diverse than in the fall. Mistletoe infects maple quite often and its fruits also attract birds to the maple consort in winter. As a result, the birds DTB index on old generative maples is higher than on oak this time of year. The birds’ species composition in g2–g3 maple consortiums is represented by 14 species in winter. This figure is 2.5 times more than in autumn. The virgin maple consortium has a high birds DTB index in spring. The main reasons are – this tree vegetation early start and the dense thickets formation of this tree young growth. As a result, the virgin maple has a diverse trophic base for birds in the spring. This consortium is comparable with the consortium of g1maple in the birds’ species composition and exceeds it in the DTB index. The time budget of birds’ trophic interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the maple consort at the age of virg. The time budget of the bird topical interactions is 80% of the total DTB in the g1 maple consortium. The birds almost do not hunt on this age maples, but show a variety of behavioral activity. The birds’ community in the g2–g3 age maple consort is very diverse in spring and yield in to that only in old generative oak. The time budget of the birds’ topical interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the g2–g3 maple consortium. Thus, birds use g2–g3 maple in spring mainly for singing, resting, cleaning feathers, mating games, etc., rather than feeding.

scholarly journals The birds communities functional structure dynamics in the ash individual consortia under the influence of the climatic factors annual dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Open Architecture ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Different Seasons

The studying of the connections between the birds and consortia is impossible without their dynamics research. The amount of organisms that are part of the consortium is large enough and their significant part is active only for some year part, the full extent of the links detection is impossible without the seasonal dynamics analyses. The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual consortia of such edificator of the linden-ash-tree oak groves, as the ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). This work material was collected in different seasons of 2004–2010 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Belgard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 183 ash examples of three age conditions (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2–g3) were investigated. The ash consortia have in their composition topomorphs of the woodbirds, edge birds, and ubiquitous birds. Woodbirds are the dominant birds group. They completely dominate in the virginia ash consortia and significantly prevail over the ubiquitous on young generative trees. An edge birds group appears only on old and mature generative trees. Climamorphs are represented by year-round and seasonal bird species. The ratio of these two groups in consortia varies during the year, but in general, year-round bird species dominate. Therefore, the interaction system of the birds with ash has is quit stable. The virginal ash has seasonal species only in summer and autumn. The generative ashes of all the categories have the both climamorphe groups during the year. This indicates that a stable system of the birds with ash consortive interactions has been formed only with the fruiting beginning. The trophomorphs are the most diverse group of the morphs. Such biomorphs as zoophages, phytophages, omnivores are represented in the ash consortium. Within these biomorphs, second-order biomors were identified: seed-eaters, fruit-eaters, observers, sweepers, deep sweepers. The third order trophomorphs were also distinguished as the size links. The trophomorphs greatest variety was recorded for the young generative trees – 13 trophomorphs of the second and third orders. The mature and old generative trees have 12 trophomorphs. The virginal trees – only 2 trophomorphs. This is partly due to the neighboring tree species influence in the tree stand composition. It was found that the virgin trees have the lowest biomorphic diversity of the birds, and the generative trees have the highest one. This distinguishes ash from the other tree species. The reason of this is that the mature and old generative ash (g2–g3) has a crown located above the upper layer. The semi-open architecture of this tree crown is also facilitate to this. In such conditions birds don’t find enough places for their protection from predators, so they spend a little time on this tree, and don’t delay in its crown. The young generative ash crowns are within the upper and middle tree layers, so they have safer conditions for birds. The studies conducted in different seasons, also has found an interesting feature of the ash. Unlike other species, the ash is the least attractive for birds in the fall. In winter the birds visit this tree quite actively. The ash high fecundity and its seeds remaining on the tree branches in winter are the reason of this fact. As a result, some birds feed the ash tree fruits, while the other birds extract insects-phytophagous from it. The results of the research indicate that the ash is less attractive for the birds than the tired crown trees, such as oak, maple, linden. On the other hand, a significant part of the birds time budget on ash is spent for surveillance. Birds use ash as a place for review and control of their site. Therefore, ash can be recommended as an additional species in the artificial tree-stands creation.

scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with oaks consortia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko ◽  
M. V. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Daily Time

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual oak consortia (Quercus robur L.) of the linden-ash oak forests. This work material was collected during different seasons of the 2004–2010 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 281 examples of three age conditions oak trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2–g3) has been investigated. The daily time budget decreases by 2–2,5 times in autumn for all oak ages that have been studied. But the number of consort birds is reduced by 2 times only for virgin and old generative oaks. The young generative oak is attractive enough for birds in autumn. The ratio of the trophic and topical share interactions for all trees ages does not change significantly in autumn. Birds don’t interact with the virgin oak in winter practically. This age oak can’t propose enough food or places for birds’ protection from predators. Oaks in age g1–g3, on the contrary, are in demand by the birds. There 7 birds species on g1 oaks and 13 species on g2–g3 oaks were recorded in winter. The birds’ daily time buds for the one oak example are low in winter, and by the 90 times reduce compared with the summer. The bird time budget basis in winter are the trophic interactions. The birds’ activity on oak sharply increases in spring and exceeds 1,5–2 times the summer parameters on virgin and mature generative oak (g2–g3). Birds on oak spend most of their time on topical interactions during this season because of the oak important role in the birds reproduction. On the other hand, the young generative oak (g1) is not in demand by the birds in spring because of insufficient crown density and the oaks of this age location at the edge. The number of bird species on oak in spring is less than in summer due to the late onset of leaf blooming on the oak. A significant part of the birds’ activity in the spring moves to the lower tier of the forest because of the earlier vegetation beginning. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the consorting groups of common oak throughout the year retain the main features of their organization. The virgin oak is characterized by a stochastic nature of the birds interaction with the consortium core and almost hasn’t obligate consort birds. Young generative oak is actively forming a trophic relations system with consorts due to intensive linear growth. At this age, first of all, general indicators are formed – time and mass budgets. The consortium of mature and old generative oak has a significantly larger number of bird species consorts and their interactions diversity with the tree. This can help to increase the stability of consorting groups. In most cases in the oak consortium the trophic component of the consortium form earlier then the topical. The specific location of the virgin and young generative oak at the lit positions in the lime-ash oak forests influences the oak consortia formation in a considerable scale. The number of types of interactions between the consort and the autotroph is the most effective indicator, which shows a high level of the consortium development. The stability of consortial relations between birds and English oak grows throughout the year from virgin oak to mature and old generative. The virgin oak unstable consorting groups have fluctuations of the species number during the year up to 100 % (the number of consort species in summer was chosen as the initial value). The consortia species composition fluctuations reach 81,82 % for young generative oak, and 59,26 % – for mature and old generative oak. The mature and old generative oak consortia attract seasonal bird species that replace each other throughout the year more actively. This ensures the stability of year-round control of phytophage populations.

scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with linden consortia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trophic Connections ◽  
Common Oak

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual linden consortia (Tilia cordata Mill.) of the linden-ash oak forests. This work material was collected during different seasons of the 2009–2017 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 145 examples of three age conditions oak trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2-g3) has been investigated. Studies have shown that birds are actively involved in consortia of linden for most of the year. Meroconsortia of linden generative organs are attractive to birds during the growing season and in the cold season. In summer, the consortia of linden in terms of species composition of birds is inferior to the consortia of oak about 2 times. The same trend is observed in DTB and DMB. Only 2 species of birds participate in the consortia of the virgin linden. The consortia of young generative linden consists of only 4 species of birds, but DTB increases almost 30 times. The consortia of mature and old generative linden acquires a sufficient species composition – 14 species of birds. Interactions of birds with virginal linden are stochastic in autumn. Only 2 species of birds participate in the consortia of virgin linden in autumn. The consortia of young generative linden consists of 5 species (more than in summer). The old generative linden has a depression of consortia interactions of birds. Their volume is reduced by half compared to summer. Specialized consumers of linden nuts remain in the consortia of old generative linden mainly. Birds have very low DTB and DMB rates in consortia of all linden age groups in winter. Instead, the species composition of birds increases in the consortia of generative groups of linden in winter. The system of consortia interactions of birds is not intensive, but stable on the linden tree in winter. The volume of interactions of birds with a linden tree essentially increases in the spring. This trend is typical for trees with a dense crown. The number of consort birds is higher than in summer in consortia of virgin and young generative linden. DTB is five times higher in virgin linden than in summer. The participation of birds in the consortia of young generative linden is also greater than in summer. We believe that this is due to the fact that linden begins to grow earlier than other trees in the upper tier. The old generative linden is one of the main feeding grounds for birds in the spring. Linden, like common oak, is much more interesting for birds in spring and summer in contrast to field maple and ash. Linden first supports the system of trophic connections, and then topical in most seasons of the year. Linden forms stable groups of birds at a young generative stage during the year. Linden creates an environment for birds to live in the middle tier and complements the field maple.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF RECREATIONAL LOAD ON ORNITOFAUNA OF THE CITY OF VORONEZH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Serebryakov ◽  
E. Turchaninova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The City

In this work, we determined the number and systematic affiliation of the most common bird species of the Voronezh upland oak forest in the territories exposed to anthropogenic impact. Field studies were carried out from 2019 to 2020 on the territory of the Voronezh upland oak forest. At the sites selected for the survey, a route counting of birds by voices was carried out. The species composition of the avifauna was supplemented by an analysis of information about the habitat of birds and their nesting sites in areas with constant recreational impact. At the selected sites, birds were counted by voices (mating song). From the results of counts in the studied areas, one can see the diversity of the species composition of the avifauna during the reproductive period. Analysis of the data obtained makes it possible to determine the ecological belonging of the species and compare the quantitative indicators of the birds encountered.

scholarly journals Ecology of the aviafauna of the Voronezh upland oak forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
E Turchaninova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Synanthropic Species ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Period

Abstract The article presents the results of the analysis of changes in the fauna, population and ecology of the dominant and background bird species of the Voronezh upland oak forest, depending on the level of the recreational load. The object of research is the Voronezh upland oak grove, a unique natural landscape complex located within the city of Voronezh in the Central Federal District. The research period is 2014-2018. The census was carried out according to the standard method of counting birds according to the spring mating song with a fixed width of the counting strip equal to 50 m. The length of each route was 10,000 m. The results of the study showed that on the territory of the Voronezh upland oak forest, background and dominant bird species are represented by 38 species belonging to 5 orders … Most of the species belong to the order Passeriformes. In areas with a high degree of recreation, the number of synanthropic species and birds with a mixed type of diet increases. The consequences of the recreational impact are reflected in the number and species composition of birds.

scholarly journals Temporal Stability and Biodiversity of Two Complex Antilisterial Cheese-Ripening Microbial Consortia

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4012-4018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Maoz ◽  
Ralf Mayr ◽  
Siegfried Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT The temporal stability and diversity of bacterial species composition as well as the antilisterial potential of two different, complex, and undefined microbial consortia from red-smear soft cheeses were investigated. Samples were collected twice, at 6-month intervals, from each of two food producers, and a total of 400 bacterial isolates were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Coryneform bacteria represented the majority of the isolates, with certain species being predominant. In addition, Marinolactobacillus psychrotolerans, Halomonas venusta, Halomonas variabilis, Halomonas sp. (106 to 107 CFU per g of smear), and an unknown, gram-positive bacterium (107 to 108 CFU per g of smear) are described for the first time in such a consortium. The species composition of one consortium was quite stable over 6 months, but the other consortium revealed less diversity of coryneform species as well as less stability. While the first consortium had a stable, extraordinarily high antilisterial potential in situ, the antilisterial activity of the second consortium was lower and decreased with time. The cause for the antilisterial activity of the two consortia remained unknown but is not due to the secretion of soluble, inhibitory substances by the individual components of the consortium. Our data indicate that the stability over time and a potential antilisterial activity are individual characteristics of the ripening consortia which can be monitored and used for safe food production without artificial preservatives.

scholarly journals Can the relation between fat and protein in milk be changed by selective breeding

1947 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
T. Lonka
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
The Individual

In Finland the protein content of the feeds is in general so low that it restricts the milk yield particularly in herds of high production capacity. This is especially significant for the reason that owing primarily to climatic factors the quality of the feeds cannot be notably improved in this respect. Therefore an effort should be made to change the composition of milk by means of breeding in such a way that it would correspond to the possibilities of feed cultivation in Finland better than at present. This would mean that it should be endeavoured to breed cows whose milk is very fat-rich but at the same time poor in protein, in which case more of the commercially valuable butterfat could be produced on the feed grown on the estate. Since a correspondingly greater amount of milk of poor protein percentage could be produced than that of protein rich milk, the breeding of such cows would not decrease the yield of protein, which is of such great food value, but as great an amount in kilograms of milk protein would be available as earlier for domestic purposes as well as dairies. We have aimed at this goal in our country in general by endeavouring to raise the fat percentage of the milk by means of breeding. It is known that protein percentage does not increase exactly as markedly as the fat percentage, wherefore the protein yield per kilogram of fat decreases as the percentage rises. The influence of breeding would however be incomparably greater if low protein percentage were selected simultaneously with high fat percentage. In the investigation we have dealt with the possibilities of such selection in Finnish cattle, in connection with which we have striven to make clear how much the protein percentage of the milk varies independently of the fat percentage. The material comprises 54 West-Finnish Native cows; the fat and protein percentages of their milk yield has been determined once a month during one lactation. The relation of fat and protein is not the same throughout the whole lactation, but it changes so that at the end of the lactation the protein percentage as compared with the fat percentage is relatively greater than at the beginning of the period (Table and Figure 1). The averages of the fat and protein percentages and likewise the correlation between them depend consequently upon the length of the calving interval. Therefore the said averages have been estimated only on the basis of 2—7 production months. Fy means of these averages r = +0.60 ± 0.09 was derived as the coefficient of correlation between the fat and protein percentages y = 1.53 + 0.39 x as the regression equation, x = fat percentage and y = protein percentage. The individual cows diverge very much from the general rule set by the regression equation, which can be concluded already from the comparatively low value of the coefficient of correlation. The protein percentage of the milk yield of the West- Finnish Native cows diverges at least about one per cent independently of the fat percentage when judging on the basis of the extreme divergencies in the material. Although a part of the divergency evidently is caused by external factors, the role of the genetic factors is nevertheless so great that there appear to be great possibilities for breeding cows producing fat-rich milk by means of breeding but having a protein which would be considerably lower than the present average.

scholarly journals Species composition of small mammals in key biotopes near Kolomak (Kharkiv Oblast)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (20) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Oksana Markovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Sorex Araneus ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Micromys Minutus

The study of the species composition and biotope preferences of small mammals around Kolomak had been carried out for four years (2017–2020). During the study period, 9 species of mouse-like rodents and 3 species of insectivores were found. No Cricetulus migratorius, Terricola subterraneus or Microtus oeconomus were found from the theoretically expected species already known for this area. Around Kolomak, 11 biotopes were investigated, including maple-linden oak forest, agrocenoses, dry and flooded meadows, which are located along the banks of a pond and in a gully-ravine system. The first year of research was in a year of high abundance (2017), and then 9 species were immediately discovered, but species with small abundance, such as Crocidura suaveolens, Sorex minutus, and Micromys minutus, were found in years with a small relative abundance of small mammals. Myodes glareolus, Sylvaemus tauricus and Sylvaemus uralensis are dominant species in the captures. According to the trapping results, 2017 was the year of high relative abundance of small mammals, 2018 was the year of the lowest relative abundance, 2019 and 2020 were years with an average relative abundance. During the study period, 6 species were identified in forest biotopes (Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus tauricus, Sylvaemus uralensis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex araneus, and Dryomys nitedula). In ecotones with floodplain biotopes, 8 species were found (Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Sylvaemus uralensis, Mus musculus, Micromys minutus, Myodes glareolus, and Sorex araneus). Four species (Mus musculus, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Sylvaemus uralensis, and Microtus levis) were discovered near human settlements. In general, biotopes with the greatest species diversity and number of caught individuals are ecotones of dry and floodplain meadows. In years of high abundance, both species diversity and the number of individuals caught in the oak forest and in ecotones near the pond increased. It should be noted that Myodes glareolus was caught in clear-cuts during the two years (2019-2020) only in the summer of 2020. Earlier, not a single specimen of this species was caught there, although there is a dense weed grass cover in this area and the shrub layer has also grown up in some places, and the clear-cut is surrounded by oak forest.

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