scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with oaks consortia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko ◽  
M. V. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Crown Density ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Daily Time

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual oak consortia (Quercus robur L.) of the linden-ash oak forests. This work material was collected during different seasons of the 2004–2010 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 281 examples of three age conditions oak trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2–g3) has been investigated. The daily time budget decreases by 2–2,5 times in autumn for all oak ages that have been studied. But the number of consort birds is reduced by 2 times only for virgin and old generative oaks. The young generative oak is attractive enough for birds in autumn. The ratio of the trophic and topical share interactions for all trees ages does not change significantly in autumn. Birds don’t interact with the virgin oak in winter practically. This age oak can’t propose enough food or places for birds’ protection from predators. Oaks in age g1–g3, on the contrary, are in demand by the birds. There 7 birds species on g1 oaks and 13 species on g2–g3 oaks were recorded in winter. The birds’ daily time buds for the one oak example are low in winter, and by the 90 times reduce compared with the summer. The bird time budget basis in winter are the trophic interactions. The birds’ activity on oak sharply increases in spring and exceeds 1,5–2 times the summer parameters on virgin and mature generative oak (g2–g3). Birds on oak spend most of their time on topical interactions during this season because of the oak important role in the birds reproduction. On the other hand, the young generative oak (g1) is not in demand by the birds in spring because of insufficient crown density and the oaks of this age location at the edge. The number of bird species on oak in spring is less than in summer due to the late onset of leaf blooming on the oak. A significant part of the birds’ activity in the spring moves to the lower tier of the forest because of the earlier vegetation beginning. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the consorting groups of common oak throughout the year retain the main features of their organization. The virgin oak is characterized by a stochastic nature of the birds interaction with the consortium core and almost hasn’t obligate consort birds. Young generative oak is actively forming a trophic relations system with consorts due to intensive linear growth. At this age, first of all, general indicators are formed – time and mass budgets. The consortium of mature and old generative oak has a significantly larger number of bird species consorts and their interactions diversity with the tree. This can help to increase the stability of consorting groups. In most cases in the oak consortium the trophic component of the consortium form earlier then the topical. The specific location of the virgin and young generative oak at the lit positions in the lime-ash oak forests influences the oak consortia formation in a considerable scale. The number of types of interactions between the consort and the autotroph is the most effective indicator, which shows a high level of the consortium development. The stability of consortial relations between birds and English oak grows throughout the year from virgin oak to mature and old generative. The virgin oak unstable consorting groups have fluctuations of the species number during the year up to 100 % (the number of consort species in summer was chosen as the initial value). The consortia species composition fluctuations reach 81,82 % for young generative oak, and 59,26 % – for mature and old generative oak. The mature and old generative oak consortia attract seasonal bird species that replace each other throughout the year more actively. This ensures the stability of year-round control of phytophage populations.

scholarly journals The birds communities functional structure dynamics in the ash individual consortia under the influence of the climatic factors annual dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Open Architecture ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Different Seasons

The studying of the connections between the birds and consortia is impossible without their dynamics research. The amount of organisms that are part of the consortium is large enough and their significant part is active only for some year part, the full extent of the links detection is impossible without the seasonal dynamics analyses. The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual consortia of such edificator of the linden-ash-tree oak groves, as the ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). This work material was collected in different seasons of 2004–2010 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Belgard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 183 ash examples of three age conditions (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2–g3) were investigated. The ash consortia have in their composition topomorphs of the woodbirds, edge birds, and ubiquitous birds. Woodbirds are the dominant birds group. They completely dominate in the virginia ash consortia and significantly prevail over the ubiquitous on young generative trees. An edge birds group appears only on old and mature generative trees. Climamorphs are represented by year-round and seasonal bird species. The ratio of these two groups in consortia varies during the year, but in general, year-round bird species dominate. Therefore, the interaction system of the birds with ash has is quit stable. The virginal ash has seasonal species only in summer and autumn. The generative ashes of all the categories have the both climamorphe groups during the year. This indicates that a stable system of the birds with ash consortive interactions has been formed only with the fruiting beginning. The trophomorphs are the most diverse group of the morphs. Such biomorphs as zoophages, phytophages, omnivores are represented in the ash consortium. Within these biomorphs, second-order biomors were identified: seed-eaters, fruit-eaters, observers, sweepers, deep sweepers. The third order trophomorphs were also distinguished as the size links. The trophomorphs greatest variety was recorded for the young generative trees – 13 trophomorphs of the second and third orders. The mature and old generative trees have 12 trophomorphs. The virginal trees – only 2 trophomorphs. This is partly due to the neighboring tree species influence in the tree stand composition. It was found that the virgin trees have the lowest biomorphic diversity of the birds, and the generative trees have the highest one. This distinguishes ash from the other tree species. The reason of this is that the mature and old generative ash (g2–g3) has a crown located above the upper layer. The semi-open architecture of this tree crown is also facilitate to this. In such conditions birds don’t find enough places for their protection from predators, so they spend a little time on this tree, and don’t delay in its crown. The young generative ash crowns are within the upper and middle tree layers, so they have safer conditions for birds. The studies conducted in different seasons, also has found an interesting feature of the ash. Unlike other species, the ash is the least attractive for birds in the fall. In winter the birds visit this tree quite actively. The ash high fecundity and its seeds remaining on the tree branches in winter are the reason of this fact. As a result, some birds feed the ash tree fruits, while the other birds extract insects-phytophagous from it. The results of the research indicate that the ash is less attractive for the birds than the tired crown trees, such as oak, maple, linden. On the other hand, a significant part of the birds time budget on ash is spent for surveillance. Birds use ash as a place for review and control of their site. Therefore, ash can be recommended as an additional species in the artificial tree-stands creation.

scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with maples consortia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko ◽  
O. A. Reva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual maple consortia (Acer campestre). This work material has been collected during different seasons of 2004‒2010 years in the linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary» ecological profile, Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 214 examples of three age conditions maple trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals– g2–g3) has been investigated. Some bird species daily time budget (DTB) per autotroph exampl on average has been the basic parameter for the birds’ participation in the consortia functioning assessment. The maple consortia communities have been revealed in the result of investigation to be the basic for the oak birds. Non-forest birds species almost have not appeared in them, which differs them from the consortia of the oak forests edificators, for instance, oak. Field maple attracts birds in the cold seasons because of its participation in the forest stand formation and of its ontogenesis course. Field maple seeds remain on the tree during the autumn and winter and support the birds vital activity in this period, unlike oak. The total birds’ activity in the trees decreases significantly in the fall. But such situation is observed in autumn only on virg maple. Maples g1, g2–g3, on the contrary, attract birds in autumn more than in summer. There are more DTB birds on these maples in autumn than in summer, because of the late leaf falling and numerous fruits availability. Birds eat actively phytophages on maple fruits. The autumn community of wild maple birds aged g2–g3 is the most active on DTB index. On the other hand, the species composition on generative maples decreases two to three times in comparison with summer. In winter the birds DTB activity on maple decreases by 15–20 times, because of the wintering birds migration to the settlements. Very few birds remain in the oak forest in winter. But the birds wintering in the oak forest species composition is quite diverse, which affects the birds’ species composition of the maple consortiums in winter. It is more diverse than in the fall. Mistletoe infects maple quite often and its fruits also attract birds to the maple consort in winter. As a result, the birds DTB index on old generative maples is higher than on oak this time of year. The birds’ species composition in g2–g3 maple consortiums is represented by 14 species in winter. This figure is 2.5 times more than in autumn. The virgin maple consortium has a high birds DTB index in spring. The main reasons are – this tree vegetation early start and the dense thickets formation of this tree young growth. As a result, the virgin maple has a diverse trophic base for birds in the spring. This consortium is comparable with the consortium of g1maple in the birds’ species composition and exceeds it in the DTB index. The time budget of birds’ trophic interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the maple consort at the age of virg. The time budget of the bird topical interactions is 80% of the total DTB in the g1 maple consortium. The birds almost do not hunt on this age maples, but show a variety of behavioral activity. The birds’ community in the g2–g3 age maple consort is very diverse in spring and yield in to that only in old generative oak. The time budget of the birds’ topical interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the g2–g3 maple consortium. Thus, birds use g2–g3 maple in spring mainly for singing, resting, cleaning feathers, mating games, etc., rather than feeding.

scholarly journals Reciprocity and behavioral heterogeneity govern the stability of social networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 2993-2999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn Dakin ◽  
T. Brandt Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Behavioral Heterogeneity ◽  
The Stability

The dynamics of social networks can determine the transmission of information, the spread of diseases, and the evolution of behavior. Despite this broad importance, a general framework for predicting social network stability has not been proposed. Here we present longitudinal data on the social dynamics of a cooperative bird species, the wire-tailed manakin, to evaluate the potential causes of temporal network stability. We find that when partners interact less frequently and when social connectedness increases, the network is subsequently less stable. Social connectivity was also negatively associated with the temporal persistence of coalition partnerships on an annual timescale. This negative association between connectivity and stability was surprising, especially given that individual manakins who were more connected also had more stable partnerships. This apparent paradox arises from a within-individual behavioral trade-off between partnership quantity and quality. Crucially, this trade-off is easily masked by behavioral variation among individuals. Using a simulation, we show that these results are explained by a simple model that combines among-individual behavioral heterogeneity and reciprocity within the network. As social networks become more connected, individuals face a trade-off between partnership quantity and maintenance. This model also demonstrates how among-individual behavioral heterogeneity, a ubiquitous feature of natural societies, can improve social stability. Together, these findings provide unifying principles that are expected to govern diverse social systems.

scholarly journals Features of the daily time budget of students of universities in Vladivostok during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
OP Gritsina ◽  
AK Yatsenko ◽  
LV Trankovskaya ◽  
GA Tarasenko ◽  
SD Istomin
Keyword(s):  
Time Budget ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Distance Learners ◽  
Full Time ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Daily Time

In 2020, due to the spread of a new coronavirus infection, the education system underwent significant changes, which were of an urgent nature, which could not but affect the lifestyle, as well as the health of students. The results of a study on the hygienic assessment of the peculiarities of the daily budget of time of Vladivostok students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are presented. By the method of questioning, the study of the mode of educational activity, sleep, physical activity, nutrition was carried out in 634 students of 1–4 courses at the age of 18–24 years. It was found that the respondents' favorite e-learning tool was a smartphone, and for 5.84 ± 0.93% of the respondents, it was the only subject of communication. It was determined that distance learners significantly more often exceeded the hygienic recommendations for the duration of continuous work with a computer / laptop, in comparison with students in traditional education (39.39 ± 2.21% versus 28.47 ± 3.76% χ2 = 5, 69, p = 0.018), and also significantly more often exceeded the time schedule for night sleep at 7–8 hours (15.92 ± 1.65% versus 6.94 ± 2.12%, χ2 = 7.49, p = 0.007) ... It was determined that among students who were online there were significantly fewer people eating once (9.8 ± 1.34% versus 24.31 ± 3.57%, χ2 = 20.59, p < 0.001) and shortly before sleep (52.24 ± 2.26% versus 64.58 ± 3.99%, χ2 = 6.85, p = 0.009). It was found that distance learners significantly more often walked than those who attended full-time classes (56.73 ± 2.24% versus 29.86 ± 3.81%, χ2 = 8.32, p = 0.004). So, distance education made it possible not to interrupt the educational process, however, the method of education was accompanied by a change in the usual regimes and the redistribution of time costs.

Avian species composition and ecological distribution in south lake wetland park, hohhot

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Namkhaidorj Sainbileg ◽  
Wang Tong ◽  
Yang Fan ◽  
Yang Guisheng
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
The Relationship

Species diversity and composition of bird community at South Lake Wetland Park in Hohhot city were investigated from October 2013 to September 2014. In total，64 bird species belonging to 33 families and 14 orders were recorded. There are 36 summer migrant species, 15 resident species, 11 traveling species and 2 winter migrant species found. The habitats of birds were grouped into four types (wetland, woodland, grassland and residential area) according to topography and vegetation types in the survey area．Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H`) was 2.9450 in wetland area and 1.0768 in grassland area the highest and the lowest values, respectively. The evenness of bird species was 0.4058 lowest in woodland and 0.7581 highest in residential area. The dominance index of bird species was 0.0733 lowest in the wetland and 0.4319 highest in the woodland, respectively. This paper analyzed the relationship between the main dominant bird species and their habitat characteristics，explained the main reasons for the increased bird species number.

Comparison of Avian Communities between Wet and Semiarid Habitats of Eastern Australia

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kikkawa
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Forest Birds ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Bird Species Diversity ◽  
Small Clutch

The composition of bird species in three distinct habitats of subtropical eastern Australia was examined in terms of the degree of species association, niche occupation and clutch size. In spite of low species diversity in the wet formations, the birds of this habitat tended to show characteristics of tropical forest birds. These included stronger association of species, relative abundance of treenesting frugivores and small clutch size. In contrast, the semiarid formations supported a greater diversity of bird species with somewhat loose species association, a large representation of graminivores, and a larger mean clutch size with greater variation. At least in the subtropical region of eastern Australia, the bird species diversity does not appear to be related to the stability of environment.

scholarly journals Feeding associations between capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus) (Mammalia, Hydrochaeridae) and birds in the Lami Biological Reserve, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Tomazzoni ◽  
Ezequiel Pedó ◽  
Sandra M. Hartz
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Molothrus Bonariensis ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Wet Grasslands ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Biological Reserve

Feeding associations between capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) and some bird species were registered in the Lami Biological Reserve, southern Brazil, through observations in a set of transects established in the five major vegetation types of the study area: shrubby and herbaceous swamps, wet grasslands, sandy grasslands and forests. Data included: date and time, vegetation type, bird species, number of individuals (birds and capybaras), type of prey consumed, foraging strategy of the birds and the behavior of the capybaras in relation to the presence of birds. Five species of birds were registered: Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777), Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788), Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1819), Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) and Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789). The interactions were observed in the shrubby swamp (M. bonariensis), forest (C. plancus) and wet grassland (F. rufus, M. rixosus, M. chimachima). The foraging strategies were: (1) use of the capybara as a perch, hunting from its back (M. rixosus, M. bonariensis); (2) use of the capybara as a beater, hunting in the ground (F. rufus, M. rixosus, M. bonariensis); (3) foraging in the skin of the capybara, by picking the ectoparasites (C. plancus, F. rufus, M. chimachima). Strategies (1) and (2) were employed to catch arthropods flushed from the vegetation. Sometimes, capybaras lay down and exposed the abdomen and lateral areas of their bodies to facilitate cleaning by M. chimachima, but the presence of other bird species seemed to be neutral to capybaras.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF OIL CONTENT IN VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN SHARPLY CONTINENTAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
O. A. Iusova ◽  
P. N. Nikolaev ◽  
V. S. Vasiukevich ◽  
I. V. Safonova ◽  
N. I. Aniskov
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Adaptive Parameters ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Final Assessment ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Stability

Among spring grain crops, oats are one of the main crops in Siberia. Taking into account climatic factors and production demands, breeding for increased productivity and adaptability to local natural and climatic factors, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses appears to be currently relevant. This is a key factor for a permanent increase in both yield and quality of agricultural products. The aim of the study is to determine the group of adaptive oat varieties by the content of crude fat in grain for introduction into production and inclusion in breeding programs. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk Region during 2013-2018. The indicator of the range of crude fat content according to V.A. Zykin (d), index of ecological plasticity according to D.I. Baranskiy (O), homeostaticity according to V.V. Khangildin (Hоm), an indicator of intensity according to R.A. Udachin (I), the relative stability of the trait N.A. Sobolev (St²), an indicator of the level of stability of the variety according to E.D. Nettevich (PUSS) were calculated. The final assessment of adaptability was based on the sum of the ranks. The minimum range of crude fat content was observed in varieties Irtysh 23 and Fakel (d = 1.87 and 2.97%). Cultivars Irtysh 23, Tarsky 2, Fakel, Sibirskiy Hercules and Sibirskiy golozerny differed in plasticity (O = 6.4–13.6) and homeostaticity (Hom = 0.82). The variety Irtysh 13 (Hom = 0.23) was also homeostatic. The stability of the trait according to N.A. Sobolev characterized all varieties (St² = 0.94–0.99), according to E.D. Nettevich – Irtysh 13, Irtysh 23, Pamyati Bogachkova and Fakel (PUSS = 193.4-305.5%). Having an assortment of estimated indicators of adaptive parameters, it is advisable to apply the ranking and conduct the final assessment according to the sum of the ranks received by each variety. The varieties Irtysh 23 and Fakel (∑ ranks = 23 and 25) and Sibirskiy Holozerny (∑ ranks = 26) are the most adaptive in terms of the content of crude fat in grain for the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

scholarly journals THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THREE SPECIFIC CLIMATIC FACTORS ON NORTH AMERICAN BREEDING BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W7 ◽  
pp. 1455-1459
Author(s):  
M. Zhang ◽  
Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Bird Species Richness ◽  
The North ◽  
Bird Richness

Understanding of the relationships between bird species and environment facilitates protecting avian biodiversity and maintaining nature sustaining. However, the effects of many climatic factors on bird richness have not been fully grasped. To fill this gap, this study investigated the relationships between the richness of three typical North American breeding bird species and three climatic factors at the monthly scale. Based on the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data during 1967&amp;ndash;2014, the relationships between the numbers of Carolina wren, Cerulean warbler, and Red-bellied woodpecker and the three climatic factors of precipitation, vapor pressure, and potential evapotranspiration were examined using the method of Pearson linear regression analysis. The results indicated that the three climatic factors have correlations with the richness of the breeding bird species but in different modes, e.g., strong correlations for the non-migratory species but weak correlations for the migratory species.

scholarly journals Inconveniences of Studying During a Pandemic – a Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Mirosław Zalech ◽  
Lech Jaczynowski
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Self Study ◽  
Fishbone Diagram ◽  
Theory Of Organization ◽  
The University ◽  
Daily Time

Introduction: The presented work is an attempt at diagnosing how much the restrictions connected with the COVID-19 pandemic have changed the lifestyle of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Health (the University of Physical Education in Warsaw, the Branch in Biała Podlaska) and which inconveniences hindering normal studying are the most painful for them. Material and methods: The study included students of the aforementioned Faculty participating in classes dedicated to decision-making techniques as a part of subjects connected with the theory of organization and management. After those classes they worked out at home their answers referring to issues occurring within the following techniques: 1) the Daily Time Budget, 2) the Brainstorming, 3) the Fishbone Diagram, 4) the Borda-Kendall Method. The results were analysed with the “Statistica” computing package (13.3 version). The significance of intergroup differences (between students of different fields and men and women) was analysed with the χ². Results: It has been found out that there was a significant increase in the time devoted to self-study, watching the Internet and TV, homework. There were no classes in university premises as well as a decrease in social contacts. Among the factors that made studying more difficult, the lack of practical classes was ranked first, Internet problems second, and additional household chores came third. Conclusions: What turned out the most significant among inconveniences of online studies during the pandemic was limitation – or just lack – of practical classes, what is a problem requiring considerations and a systemic solution.

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