The effect of a vegetation period on productivity, protein and oil percentage in grain of the collection soybean samples

The purpose of the current study was to identify the effect of the length of a vegetation period of the collection soybean samples on grain productivity and quality. The study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the fields of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2018–2020. The climate is semi-arid with moderately hot summers. The soil is ordinary thick calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The forecrop was winter wheat. The objects of the study were collection soybean samples of the ARIGPR named after N.I. Vavilov. The study was carried out on 75 samples, including 52 middle early samples with 110-120 days of vegetation and 23 middle maturing samples (120-130 days of vegetation), differing in morphobiological and economically valuable traits. The analysis of a vegetation period, grain productivity and quality of the collection soybean samples has shown that in the southern part of the Rostov region the most variable trait was grain productivity (Cv = 22.5%). The less variable characteristics were protein percentage in grain (Cv = 3.8%), a vegetation period (Cv = 4.2%) and oil content in grain (Cv = 5.3%). There has been identified a positive effect of the length of a vegetation period of soybeans on grain productivity and oil content in grain for both groups of maturity, protein percentage in both groups of maturity having a negative dependence on a vegetation period. The study has shown that in the middle early group, the largest grain productivity was obtained with 117 and 118 days of vegetation, the highest protein percentage with 110 and 114 days of vegetation, and the largest oil content in grain with 118 and 120 days of vegetation. In the middle maturing group, the maximum productivity indicators were obtained for the samples with 126 and 130 days of vegetation, the maximum protein percentage with 122 days of vegetation and the maximum oil content in grain with 123 and 130 days of vegetation. The samples showing the maximum indicators will be included in further soybean breeding.

Associations between polymorphisms of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B genes and Milk production traits in Chinese Holstein

Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.

The indices of sorghum seed quality in dependence on ecological and geographical origin

The current paper presents the study results of protein percentage, content of lysine and starch in the collection samples of grain sorghum of various ecological and geographical origin. It was determined that the seed protein percentage in the grain sorghum samples varied from 9.0 to 13.5%. The highest values were identified in the samples from Russia (KiM, Krymbel, Krusta, Ros’), Ukraine (Pioner 412/Milovskoe 6, No. 13-13, Pioner 878/Genicheskoe brown 129) and China (KX 8, No. 26-14) with 13.0-13.5%. The lysine content in protein of the studied samples was 2.5-4.3%, while the value of the standard variety Zernogradskoe 88 was 3.17% with the standard deviation of 0.24%. The maximum content (3.8-4.3%) was identified in the samples Early Hegari (Peru), Line ExF3 IS12606 (Australia), DN-35f (Ukraine), CS-175 (Philippines), H.S.-21 (Romania), Sorghum k-9553 (Korea). The starch content in seed of the collection samples varied within 70.2-77.5%. The highest intragroup values were showed by the samples from Peru (73.9%), Australia (73.8%), France (73.0%), Senegal (73.4%).

The study of indices of the relative and absolute protein percentage in the winter bread wheat grain

The aim of the research was to evaluate the relative and absolute protein content in winter wheat grains, to determine the samples that have the maximum values of the studied traits, and to use the selected genotypes in breeding programs. The trials of the winter bread wheat varieties, sown after maize for grain were carried out in 2018-2020. The objects of the study were 13 winter bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The current research established that when selecting parental varieties for crossing to improve grain quality of winter bread wheat varieties, there should be chosen the forms with the highest relative and absolute protein percentage in grain. These genotypes include Don 107, Ermak and Lidiya, whose relative protein percentage in grain was 12.96%, 13.01% and 13.06% respectively. The varieties Don 107, Ermak, Lidiya, Volnitsa and Zhavoronok were characterized by the maximum absolute protein percentage in grain with 5.43 g, 5.62 g, 5.57 g, 5.56 g and 5.54 g respectively. The 1000 grain weight of these varieties averaged 42.1 g (Don 107), 43.6 g (Ermak), 43.1 g (Lidiya), 43.5 g (Volnitsa) and 44.5 g (Zhavoronok).

The Relationship Between The PIT-1 Gene at The Rate of Daily Milk Production and Some of Its Components in Buffaloes

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna for the period between 1/10/2020 until 30/6/2020, 60 buffaloes were used in the experiment with the aim of determining the genotypes and their distribution ratios for the PIT-1 gene. The genotypes were altered (P<0.01), which amounted to 18.52 and 81.48 respectively, and the allelic frequency was 0.10 and 0.90 for each of the two alleles A, B, respectively. Daily milk production and fat percentage were not significantly affected, milk protein percentage was significantly affected (P<0.05) in the eleventh week, reaching a maximum of 3.88±0.28 (BB), as well. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the percentage of genetic non-fatty solids in the first week of the study, with a maximum of 23.28 (BB). BB genotype.

Effect of Cytokinin Levels on Some Varieties of Wheat on Yield, Growth and Yield Components

An experiment was conducted throughout winter 2020-2021 in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, Tikrit University to investigate the effect of spraying cytokinin on the growth and yield of wheat bread Triticum aestivum L varieties. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with a split-plot system and three replications. Cytokinin concentrations were 0, 100, 200 that were sprayed on two dates; during the branching stage (ZGS: 22); during the al-Battan stage (ZGS:40). Ten varieties were used included Al-Rasheed, Ibaa 99, Sham 6, Baghdad, Bohouth 22, Adana 99, Bora Italian, Sulaymaniyah 2, Al Fayyad and Al Wafiya. Nnumber of days from planting to 50% of spikes, leaf area of the flag, grain yield and biological, and protein percentage and wet gluten percentage were measured. The ten-wheat cultivars showed a significant difference in growth, yield, and quality. The Fayyad was the earliest than the other cultivars by the number of days from emergence to 50% spikes, 104.33 days, and the highest of the number of spikes per area unit, 569.22 spikes. m-2. Rashid cultivar showed the highest average of flag leaf area, 67.22 cm2, and the highest average number of grains per spike,100.88 grains. Also, it gave the highest average of grain yield, 496.77 g. m-2. Sulaymaniyah 2 cultivar was the highest in the weight of 1000 grains, 51.38 g. Spraying 200 ml. L-1 cytokinin indicated a significant difference for the most of traits such as flag leaf area, 53.56 cm2, the number of grains in the 78.80 grains, biological yield 452.46 g. m-1, protein percentage, 15.02%.

Estimation of sedimentation and grain quality indicators of the winter bread wheat varieties

The current paper has presented the study results of SDS-sedimentation and grain quality indicators of the winter bread wheat varieties in an interstation variety testing from the research institutions of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and France. The research work was carried out in 2017–2019 in the field of the laboratory for breeding winter bread wheat, the forecrop was maize for grain. The purpose of the research was to estimate SDS-sedimentation, protein percentage in grain, quantity and quality of gluten in the winter bread wheat varieties of interstation variety testing, for the subsequent introduction of the best samples in the breeding process aimed at improving grain quality. Grain quality indicators of the winter bread wheat varieties were identified in the laboratory for biochemical estimation of breeding material and grain quality using IR spectroscopy on ‘SpektraStar 2200’ analyzer. There was established that according to the SDS-sedimentation most of the samples corresponded to strong wheat (50–63 ml). There have been identified the genotypes with the highest values of this trait, such as ‘Shef’ (58 ml), ‘Nakhodka’ (59 ml) and ‘Don 107’ (61 ml). The largest gluten content in grain was identified in the varieties ‘Don 107’, ‘Shef’, ‘Kavalerka’, ‘Timiryazevka 150’ and ‘Nakhodka’ (25.5–26.2%). The largest protein percentage in grain has been identified in the varieties ‘Don 107’, ‘Shef’, ‘Aksinya’, ‘Nakhodka’ and ‘Timiryazevka 150’ (12.5-12.8%). The varieties ‘Don 107’, ‘Shef’, ‘Nakhodka’ and ‘Timiryazevka 150’ were identified according to the studied traits and were recommended to be involved in the breeding process as parental forms.

The effect of pre-sowing lupin-oat mixture treatment with ozone and a biological product on the productivity formation and product quality

There have been presented the study results on the effect of pre-sowing seed ozonation of narrowleaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and common oat on their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2020 in laboratory and field conditions of the Kostroma RIA, the branch of the FSBSI “Russian Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorkh”. The purpose of the current study was to find out the efficiency of pre-sowing seed treatment with an ozone-air flow and treatment with a biological product for their germination energy, germination capacity, productivity and product quality. The objects of the study were the common oats variety ‘Yakov’ and the narrowleaf lupin variety ‘Belozerny 110’. The seeds of the lupin-oat mixture were ozonized at a dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes and 30 minutes using an RIOS-10(20)-0.5 ozonizer. For comparison, the seeds were treated with the biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’. Ultimately, there were identified the best parameters of the pre-sowing seed treatment of the lupin-oat mixture. On average, over the years of study, pre-sowing seed ozonation greatly improves the germination energy of agricultural crops on 4.8–8.3%, laboratory germination was improved on 3.0–5.0%. The largest green mass productivity of lupin-oat mixture during pre-sowing seed treatment for three years was 26.1 t/ha in the variant with an ozone dose of 5.0 mg/m3 for 15 minutes, which was more than control on 29.2%. In the variant with ozonation time increase to 30 minutes, the average productivity was 23.2 t/ha, which was 14.8% more than in the control. Pre-sowing seed ozonation contributed to dry matter increase on 14.2–19.0%; crude protein yield increased on 32.8–53.2%; crude protein percentage in grain increased on 14.1–16.8%; metabolizable energy increased on 3.7–5,1%; fodder units increased on 4.3–6.5% compared to control. When treating seeds with a biological product ‘Fitosporin-M’, the average productivity was 22.8 t/ha, which was on 12.9% more than control, an increase in dry matter was on 16.6%, an increase in crude protein yield was on 19.6%, an increase in crude protein percentage in grain was on 0.8%, an increase in metabolizable energy was on 1.9%, an increase in fodder units was on 1.0%.

Integrated Small RNA Sequencing, Transcriptome and GWAS Data Reveal microRNA Regulation in Response to Milk Protein Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle

Milk protein is one of the most important economic traits in the dairy industry. Yet, the regulatory network of miRNAs for the synthesis of milk protein in mammary is poorly understood. Samples from 12 Chinese Holstein cows with three high ( ≥ 3.5%) and three low ( ≤ 3.0%) phenotypic values for milk protein percentage in lactation and non-lactation were examined through deep small RNA sequencing. We characterized 388 known and 212 novel miRNAs in the mammary gland. Differentially expressed analysis detected 28 miRNAs in lactation and 52 miRNAs in the non-lactating period with a highly significant correlation with milk protein concentration. Target prediction and correlation analysis identified some key miRNAs and their targets potentially involved in the synthesis of milk protein. We analyzed for enrichments of GWAS signals in miRNAs and their correlated targets. Our results demonstrated that genomic regions harboring DE miRNA genes in lactation were significantly enriched with GWAS signals for milk protein percentage traits and that enrichments within DE miRNA targets were significantly higher than in random gene sets for the majority of milk production traits. This integrated study on the transcriptome and posttranscriptional regulatory profiles between significantly differential phenotypes of milk protein concentration provides new insights into the mechanism of milk protein synthesis, which should reveal the regulatory mechanisms of milk secretion.

Effect of the Vermicompost and Poultry Manure on Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rain-fed Condition

Background: Use of organic manures to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop would be an inevitable practice for sustainable agriculture. Since organic manures generally improve the physical, chemical and biological properties along with conserving soil moisture and thus resulting in enhanced crop productivity along with maintaining the quality of crop production. Organic farming in recent years is gaining significance due to the realization of inherent advantages it confers in sustaining crop production and also in maintaining dynamic soil nutrient status and safe environment. Organic farming is also concerns to produce the quality food and human health, so that this research and studied the interaction effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on groundnut crop in Chitrakoot condition. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Rajola Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot in kharif 2019. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of poultry manure and vermicompost applications. The morphological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in experimental farm and departmental laboratory. Result: The combination dose of V3P3 (6 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values. The effect of V3 on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 15.20 and 3.22 and effect of P3 on the number of pod per plant and number of seed per plant was maximum 14.156 and 3.11 respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3 combination was recorded maximum 17.13 per plant. Seed per pod interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure of the V3P3 combination also recorded maximum 3.66 per pod. Effect of vermicompost and poultry manure on 100 kernel weight was maximum in V3 (42.55 g) and P3 (41.00 g) respectively. The shelling percentage also was recorded maximum in V3 (69.77) and P3 (67.77) and interaction of both parameters was recorded non significance. Effect on yield (q/ha) was recorded maximum in V3 (1.05) and P3 (0.99) and the interaction was recorded maximum in V3P3 combination (1.27). The effect of vermicompost on oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield (kg/ha) was recorded maximum 48.46, 21.33 and 1573.5 in V3 respectively. The effect of poultry manure recorded maximum in P3 (48.03), 20.68 and 1411.2 kg/ha oil percentage, protein percentage and oil yield respectively. The interaction of vermicompost and poultry manure was recorded maximum with the combination of V3P3 and found 49.52 oil percentage, 21.76 protein percentage and 1696.00 kg/ha oil yield. The results indicated that all these parameters were significantly increased due to vermicompost and poultry manure application. Their interaction was also significant. It was evident that a combination dose of V3P3 (6 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 4 ton ha-1 poultry manure) was found to be best giving the maximum values.