scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with linden consortia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trophic Connections ◽  
Common Oak

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual linden consortia (Tilia cordata Mill.) of the linden-ash oak forests. This work material was collected during different seasons of the 2009–2017 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 145 examples of three age conditions oak trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2-g3) has been investigated. Studies have shown that birds are actively involved in consortia of linden for most of the year. Meroconsortia of linden generative organs are attractive to birds during the growing season and in the cold season. In summer, the consortia of linden in terms of species composition of birds is inferior to the consortia of oak about 2 times. The same trend is observed in DTB and DMB. Only 2 species of birds participate in the consortia of the virgin linden. The consortia of young generative linden consists of only 4 species of birds, but DTB increases almost 30 times. The consortia of mature and old generative linden acquires a sufficient species composition – 14 species of birds. Interactions of birds with virginal linden are stochastic in autumn. Only 2 species of birds participate in the consortia of virgin linden in autumn. The consortia of young generative linden consists of 5 species (more than in summer). The old generative linden has a depression of consortia interactions of birds. Their volume is reduced by half compared to summer. Specialized consumers of linden nuts remain in the consortia of old generative linden mainly. Birds have very low DTB and DMB rates in consortia of all linden age groups in winter. Instead, the species composition of birds increases in the consortia of generative groups of linden in winter. The system of consortia interactions of birds is not intensive, but stable on the linden tree in winter. The volume of interactions of birds with a linden tree essentially increases in the spring. This trend is typical for trees with a dense crown. The number of consort birds is higher than in summer in consortia of virgin and young generative linden. DTB is five times higher in virgin linden than in summer. The participation of birds in the consortia of young generative linden is also greater than in summer. We believe that this is due to the fact that linden begins to grow earlier than other trees in the upper tier. The old generative linden is one of the main feeding grounds for birds in the spring. Linden, like common oak, is much more interesting for birds in spring and summer in contrast to field maple and ash. Linden first supports the system of trophic connections, and then topical in most seasons of the year. Linden forms stable groups of birds at a young generative stage during the year. Linden creates an environment for birds to live in the middle tier and complements the field maple.

scholarly journals Influence of seasonal climatic factors on the dynamics of birds interactions with maples consortia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko ◽  
O. A. Reva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual maple consortia (Acer campestre). This work material has been collected during different seasons of 2004‒2010 years in the linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of NSC «Bel'gard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary» ecological profile, Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 214 examples of three age conditions maple trees (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals– g2–g3) has been investigated. Some bird species daily time budget (DTB) per autotroph exampl on average has been the basic parameter for the birds’ participation in the consortia functioning assessment. The maple consortia communities have been revealed in the result of investigation to be the basic for the oak birds. Non-forest birds species almost have not appeared in them, which differs them from the consortia of the oak forests edificators, for instance, oak. Field maple attracts birds in the cold seasons because of its participation in the forest stand formation and of its ontogenesis course. Field maple seeds remain on the tree during the autumn and winter and support the birds vital activity in this period, unlike oak. The total birds’ activity in the trees decreases significantly in the fall. But such situation is observed in autumn only on virg maple. Maples g1, g2–g3, on the contrary, attract birds in autumn more than in summer. There are more DTB birds on these maples in autumn than in summer, because of the late leaf falling and numerous fruits availability. Birds eat actively phytophages on maple fruits. The autumn community of wild maple birds aged g2–g3 is the most active on DTB index. On the other hand, the species composition on generative maples decreases two to three times in comparison with summer. In winter the birds DTB activity on maple decreases by 15–20 times, because of the wintering birds migration to the settlements. Very few birds remain in the oak forest in winter. But the birds wintering in the oak forest species composition is quite diverse, which affects the birds’ species composition of the maple consortiums in winter. It is more diverse than in the fall. Mistletoe infects maple quite often and its fruits also attract birds to the maple consort in winter. As a result, the birds DTB index on old generative maples is higher than on oak this time of year. The birds’ species composition in g2–g3 maple consortiums is represented by 14 species in winter. This figure is 2.5 times more than in autumn. The virgin maple consortium has a high birds DTB index in spring. The main reasons are – this tree vegetation early start and the dense thickets formation of this tree young growth. As a result, the virgin maple has a diverse trophic base for birds in the spring. This consortium is comparable with the consortium of g1maple in the birds’ species composition and exceeds it in the DTB index. The time budget of birds’ trophic interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the maple consort at the age of virg. The time budget of the bird topical interactions is 80% of the total DTB in the g1 maple consortium. The birds almost do not hunt on this age maples, but show a variety of behavioral activity. The birds’ community in the g2–g3 age maple consort is very diverse in spring and yield in to that only in old generative oak. The time budget of the birds’ topical interactions is 75% of the total DTB in the g2–g3 maple consortium. Thus, birds use g2–g3 maple in spring mainly for singing, resting, cleaning feathers, mating games, etc., rather than feeding.

scholarly journals The birds communities functional structure dynamics in the ash individual consortia under the influence of the climatic factors annual dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
O. L. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Open Architecture ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Different Seasons

The studying of the connections between the birds and consortia is impossible without their dynamics research. The amount of organisms that are part of the consortium is large enough and their significant part is active only for some year part, the full extent of the links detection is impossible without the seasonal dynamics analyses. The article is devoted to the bird communities in individual consortia of such edificator of the linden-ash-tree oak groves, as the ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). This work material was collected in different seasons of 2004–2010 years in a linden-ash oak grove on the test plot No. 209 of the ecological profile of the NSC «Belgard Prisamar`e International Biospheric stationary», Novomoskovsk district, Dnepropetrovsk region. The individual consortia of 183 ash examples of three age conditions (virgins – virg, young generative – gl, mature and old generative individuals – g2–g3) were investigated. The ash consortia have in their composition topomorphs of the woodbirds, edge birds, and ubiquitous birds. Woodbirds are the dominant birds group. They completely dominate in the virginia ash consortia and significantly prevail over the ubiquitous on young generative trees. An edge birds group appears only on old and mature generative trees. Climamorphs are represented by year-round and seasonal bird species. The ratio of these two groups in consortia varies during the year, but in general, year-round bird species dominate. Therefore, the interaction system of the birds with ash has is quit stable. The virginal ash has seasonal species only in summer and autumn. The generative ashes of all the categories have the both climamorphe groups during the year. This indicates that a stable system of the birds with ash consortive interactions has been formed only with the fruiting beginning. The trophomorphs are the most diverse group of the morphs. Such biomorphs as zoophages, phytophages, omnivores are represented in the ash consortium. Within these biomorphs, second-order biomors were identified: seed-eaters, fruit-eaters, observers, sweepers, deep sweepers. The third order trophomorphs were also distinguished as the size links. The trophomorphs greatest variety was recorded for the young generative trees – 13 trophomorphs of the second and third orders. The mature and old generative trees have 12 trophomorphs. The virginal trees – only 2 trophomorphs. This is partly due to the neighboring tree species influence in the tree stand composition. It was found that the virgin trees have the lowest biomorphic diversity of the birds, and the generative trees have the highest one. This distinguishes ash from the other tree species. The reason of this is that the mature and old generative ash (g2–g3) has a crown located above the upper layer. The semi-open architecture of this tree crown is also facilitate to this. In such conditions birds don’t find enough places for their protection from predators, so they spend a little time on this tree, and don’t delay in its crown. The young generative ash crowns are within the upper and middle tree layers, so they have safer conditions for birds. The studies conducted in different seasons, also has found an interesting feature of the ash. Unlike other species, the ash is the least attractive for birds in the fall. In winter the birds visit this tree quite actively. The ash high fecundity and its seeds remaining on the tree branches in winter are the reason of this fact. As a result, some birds feed the ash tree fruits, while the other birds extract insects-phytophagous from it. The results of the research indicate that the ash is less attractive for the birds than the tired crown trees, such as oak, maple, linden. On the other hand, a significant part of the birds time budget on ash is spent for surveillance. Birds use ash as a place for review and control of their site. Therefore, ash can be recommended as an additional species in the artificial tree-stands creation.

scholarly journals Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Indremo ◽  
Richard White ◽  
Thomas Frisell ◽  
Sven Cnattingius ◽  
Alkistis Skalkidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nationwide Register Study

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Agung 1963 volcanic forcing – impact of one or two eruptions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Niemeier ◽  
Claudia Timmreck ◽  
Kirstin Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Meridional Transport ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Volcanic Clouds ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Future Emission ◽  
Volcanic Emission ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. In 1963 a series of eruptions of Mt. Agung, Indonesia, resulted in the 3rd largest eruption of the 20th century and claimed about 1900 lives. Two eruptions of this series injected SO2 into the stratosphere, a requirement to get a long lasting stratospheric sulfate layer. The first eruption on March 17th injected 4.7 Tg SO2 into the stratosphere, the second eruption 2.3 Tg SO2 on May, 16th. In recent volcanic emission data sets these eruption phases are merged together to one large eruption phase for Mt. Agung in March 1963 with an injection rate of 7 Tg SO2. The injected sulfur forms a sulfate layer in the stratosphere. The evolution of sulfur is non-linear and depends on the injection rate and aerosol background conditions. We performed ensembles of two model experiments, one with a single and a second one with two eruptions. The two smaller eruptions result in a lower burden, smaller particles and 0.1 to 0.3 Wm−2 (10–20 %) lower radiative forcing in monthly mean global average compared to the individual eruption experiment. The differences are the consequence of slightly stronger meridional transport due to different seasons of the eruptions, lower injection height of the second eruption and the resulting different aerosol evolution. The differences between the two experiments are significant but smaller than the variance of the individual ensemble means. Overall, the evolution of the volcanic clouds is different in case of two eruptions than with a single eruption only. We conclude that there is no justification to use one eruption only and both climatic eruptions should be taken into account in future emission datasets.

scholarly journals Temporal Stability and Biodiversity of Two Complex Antilisterial Cheese-Ripening Microbial Consortia

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4012-4018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Maoz ◽  
Ralf Mayr ◽  
Siegfried Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT The temporal stability and diversity of bacterial species composition as well as the antilisterial potential of two different, complex, and undefined microbial consortia from red-smear soft cheeses were investigated. Samples were collected twice, at 6-month intervals, from each of two food producers, and a total of 400 bacterial isolates were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Coryneform bacteria represented the majority of the isolates, with certain species being predominant. In addition, Marinolactobacillus psychrotolerans, Halomonas venusta, Halomonas variabilis, Halomonas sp. (106 to 107 CFU per g of smear), and an unknown, gram-positive bacterium (107 to 108 CFU per g of smear) are described for the first time in such a consortium. The species composition of one consortium was quite stable over 6 months, but the other consortium revealed less diversity of coryneform species as well as less stability. While the first consortium had a stable, extraordinarily high antilisterial potential in situ, the antilisterial activity of the second consortium was lower and decreased with time. The cause for the antilisterial activity of the two consortia remained unknown but is not due to the secretion of soluble, inhibitory substances by the individual components of the consortium. Our data indicate that the stability over time and a potential antilisterial activity are individual characteristics of the ripening consortia which can be monitored and used for safe food production without artificial preservatives.

Seasonal pattern and genotype distribution of sapovirus infection in Japan, 2003–2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. DEY ◽  
O. PHATHAMMAVONG ◽  
T. D. NGUYEN ◽  
A. THONGPRACHUM ◽  
W. CHAN-IT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The Family ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Predominant Strain

SUMMARYSapovirus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, is one of the major causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups. A total of 3232 faecal specimens collected from infants and children with gastroenteritis in five different regions of Japan during 2003–2009 were examined for sapovirus by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Sapoviruses were detected in 131 (4·05%) patients with the peak observed mainly in the cold season (November–March) in Japan during 2003–2009. During the last 6 years, sapovirus GI/1 was the predominant strain in Japan followed by GIV, GII/3, GII/6, GII/2, GII/12 and GI, respectively.

Proximate Analysis of British Columbia Herring in Relation to Season and Condition Factor

1939 ◽  
Vol 4b (5) ◽  
pp. 478-490
Author(s):  
John Lawson Hart ◽  
Albert L. Tester ◽  
Desmond Beall ◽  
John P. Tully
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
The Individual

Analysis by standard methods of samples of Clupea pallasii from different seasons and localities in British Columbia showed the following ranges in composition: water, 64.2 to 80.2%; oil, 4.1 to 19.4%; protein, 10.1 to 16.8%; ash, 1.9 to 2.8%. Oil content is highest in summer, declines during the fall and winter, and falls to a minimum after spawning time in early spring. There is an accompanying decline in the weight of the fish. Herring are highly variable in calorific value (2.41 to 0.94 Calories per gram). Potential oil yields on reduction as high as 30 gallons per ton are indicated with a minimum of 7 gallons per ton. Average condition factors for samples were determined by averaging the individual condition factors obtained from [Formula: see text], when C is the condition factor, W is weight in grams, L is length in millimetres, and 3.26 is the exponent in the empirically fitted equation W = CLn. This condition factor was found to be positively correlated with oil content and to follow in general the same seasonal trend.

Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella in cattle and pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 1681-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. ARNOLD ◽  
R. J. GOSLING ◽  
F. MARTELLI ◽  
D. MUELLER-DOBLIES ◽  
R. H. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Faecal Sample ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Groups

SUMMARYThere has been a rapid rise in the prevalence of cases of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (mST) in both humans and farm animals, and it has been found in pigs, cattle and poultry. It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of how to efficiently detect infected farms. The objective of this project was to determine sample type sensitivity in the detection of Salmonella to detect infected groups of animals on both pig (breeder, grower and finisher sites) and cattle (beef and dairy) farms, using data collected from a study investigating farms that were positive for mST, and to explore any variation between different age groups and management practices. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted to analyse the individual and pooled faecal sample data collected from each epidemiological group on each of the farms. The sensitivity of pooled sampling depended on the prevalence of infection in the group being sampled, with a higher prevalence leading to higher sensitivity. Pooled sampling was found to be more efficient at detecting positive groups of animals than individual sampling, with the probability of a random sample from a group of animals with 5% prevalence testing positive being equal to 15·5% for immature pigs (3·6% for an individual faecal sample, taking into account the sensitivity and infection prevalence), 7·1% for adult pigs (1·2% for individual sampling), 30% for outdoor cattle (2% for individual sampling) and 34% for indoor cattle (1% for individual sampling). The mean prevalence of each epidemiological group was higher in outdoor farms than indoor for both pigs and cattle (mean within-farm prevalence of 29·4% and 38·7% for outdoor pigs and cattle, respectively, compared to 19·8% and 22·1% for indoor pigs and cattle)

Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽  
MARTEN VON WERDER ◽  
ASGHAR ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

scholarly journals Can the relation between fat and protein in milk be changed by selective breeding

1947 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
T. Lonka
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Rule Set ◽  
The Individual

In Finland the protein content of the feeds is in general so low that it restricts the milk yield particularly in herds of high production capacity. This is especially significant for the reason that owing primarily to climatic factors the quality of the feeds cannot be notably improved in this respect. Therefore an effort should be made to change the composition of milk by means of breeding in such a way that it would correspond to the possibilities of feed cultivation in Finland better than at present. This would mean that it should be endeavoured to breed cows whose milk is very fat-rich but at the same time poor in protein, in which case more of the commercially valuable butterfat could be produced on the feed grown on the estate. Since a correspondingly greater amount of milk of poor protein percentage could be produced than that of protein rich milk, the breeding of such cows would not decrease the yield of protein, which is of such great food value, but as great an amount in kilograms of milk protein would be available as earlier for domestic purposes as well as dairies. We have aimed at this goal in our country in general by endeavouring to raise the fat percentage of the milk by means of breeding. It is known that protein percentage does not increase exactly as markedly as the fat percentage, wherefore the protein yield per kilogram of fat decreases as the percentage rises. The influence of breeding would however be incomparably greater if low protein percentage were selected simultaneously with high fat percentage. In the investigation we have dealt with the possibilities of such selection in Finnish cattle, in connection with which we have striven to make clear how much the protein percentage of the milk varies independently of the fat percentage. The material comprises 54 West-Finnish Native cows; the fat and protein percentages of their milk yield has been determined once a month during one lactation. The relation of fat and protein is not the same throughout the whole lactation, but it changes so that at the end of the lactation the protein percentage as compared with the fat percentage is relatively greater than at the beginning of the period (Table and Figure 1). The averages of the fat and protein percentages and likewise the correlation between them depend consequently upon the length of the calving interval. Therefore the said averages have been estimated only on the basis of 2—7 production months. Fy means of these averages r = +0.60 ± 0.09 was derived as the coefficient of correlation between the fat and protein percentages y = 1.53 + 0.39 x as the regression equation, x = fat percentage and y = protein percentage. The individual cows diverge very much from the general rule set by the regression equation, which can be concluded already from the comparatively low value of the coefficient of correlation. The protein percentage of the milk yield of the West- Finnish Native cows diverges at least about one per cent independently of the fat percentage when judging on the basis of the extreme divergencies in the material. Although a part of the divergency evidently is caused by external factors, the role of the genetic factors is nevertheless so great that there appear to be great possibilities for breeding cows producing fat-rich milk by means of breeding but having a protein which would be considerably lower than the present average.

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