Распределение механических свойств древесины лиственных пород в годовых кольцах, выявленных методом сканирующего наноиндентирования

The paper presents the results of mechanical properties scanning by means of nanoindentation across the annual growth rings of deciduous trees wood, small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) and common oak (Quercus robur) in particular. Significant variations in microhardness H and Young’s modulus E radial dependencies have been found for any of the studied species. Results can be useful 1) to amend the understanding the nature of macromechanical properties of various wood species and to reveal the details of their formation depending upon microstructural characteristics, 2) to optimize the technologies of growing, reinforcement and subsequent usage of the wood, 3) to develop new independent methods in dendrochronology and dendroclimatology

Common oak survival in the forest ecosystem of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain in the north of Astrakhan region

Forests in our natural environment play an important role. They are a necessary natural resource and perform many functions in the forest ecosystem. As in our country, as well as abroad, due to numerous studies, the enormous role of forests in preserving the ecological balance of the environment has been confirmed. To ensure the uniqueness of the Astrakhan region, it is necessary to restore Lower Volga forests, which in turn perform significant functions, namely: influence on hydrological regime, protect soil from degradation, wind and water erosion, preserve recreational potential of the territory and provide local population with stable agricultural production. In spring and fall of 2019, employees of the Precaspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences planted 120 seedlings of common oak (60 plants in spring and 60 plants in autumn) in the areas located in the right bank of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain to the south of Solenoye Zaimishche village. At the end of October 2020, 64 seedlings (53 %) of common oak survived. The best (100 %) survival rate was noted in annual seedlings, which were planted in spring at the site with shading. The greatest plant death (20 %) was in two-year-old seedlings planted in fall at sites with no shading.

Traditional ethnoveterinary knowledge of indigestion or diarrhoea treatments in cattle on the Bilogora hills in Croatia

Traditional knowledge of plants and their preparations used for the treatment of animal diseases was passed down orally from generation to generation, so there are no written records or they are very rare. This study is based on the first documentation of ethnoveterinary knowledge for indigestion or diarrhoea treatment in cattle on the Bilogora hills in northwestern Croatia. Data collection was conducted from 2008 until 2018, in eighteen villages of four municipalities in the Koprivni?ko-križeva?ka county, Croatia. Plant specimens were well known, in addition they were confirmed and identified by the skilled botanist. Nine plant species: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), hazelwort (Asarum europaeum L.), broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), common oak (Quercus robur L.), white willow (Salix alba L.), common mallow (Malva sylvestris L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) from 7 botanical families were documented. Decoction and herbal tea were the most common preparation methods. The most often used plants to treat mild diarrhea in cattle were chamomile and broad-leaved dock, and for hard, watery diarrhoea bark of sweet chestnut and sessile oak. The most often used plants to treat indigestion in cattle were hazelwort, chamomille, and flaxseed. Farmers used mostly leaves (about 57%), flowers and stems (more than 25%), bark (about 13%), branches, and seeds (5%) for herbal preparations. Thus the aim of the present study is to document that ethnoveterinary tradition for the next generations. Keywords: Cattle; Diarrhoea; Ethnoveterinary; Indigestion

Features of coarse woody debris volume formation in fresh sudibrova conditions in Zmiini islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve

Dead wood (woody debris) is an important component of forest ecosystems. It performs a number of ecological and environmental functions. The article studies the peculiarities of the formation of coarse wood detritus volume and its qualitative structure in forests in the conditions of fresh sudibrova of the Zmiiini Islands tract of Kaniv Nature Reserve. The study of dead wood was carried out in 140-year-old pine-oak forests of natural origin on a permanent sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying deadwood components. It was found that dead wood in the forest ecosystem was formed due to the dying of trees of five species: common oak (Quercus robur L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), and has a volume 56.3 m3·ha–1. Dead wood volume is dominated by standing dead trees — 82.1%, and the share of lying dead wood, respectively, is 17.9%. The main part of dead wood volume is formed by two tree species — common oak and Scots pine, the share of which together is 94.3%. Common oak and Scots pine is characterized by a predominance of standing dead wood, while for other tree species — lying dead wood. In general, dead wood is formed by detritus of I–IV classes of destruction, at the same time detritus of class II decomposition has a significant advantage (70.5%), recently dead wood has a much smaller share (I class, 24.8%), and other classes of destruction have insignificant shares, which together do not exceed 5.0%. No woody detritus of the last (V) class of destruction was detected. Volume of standing dead wood is 46.2 m3·ha–1, and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak has a significant advantage (74.5%), Scots pine has a much smaller share (25.1%), and the share of Norway maple is insignificant (0.4%). The total standing dead wood volume is dominated by wood of class II destruction (33.0 m3·ha–1, 71.4%) compared with class I (13.2 m3·ha–1, 28.6%). Lying dead wood is represented by four classes of destruction (I–IV), however, no woody debris was found at the late (last) stage of decomposition (class V). In terms of volume, the second class of destruction has an absolute advantage (6.7 m3·ha–1, 66.3%), much less class III detritus (2.3 m3·ha–1, 22.8%). Lying dead wood of common oak is represented by all four classes of destruction, among which III (40.5%) and I (33.3%) classes predominate. Lying dead wood of other tree species is characterized by the predominance of II or III classes of destruction. The main factors in the formation of woody detritus in the pine-oak forest in the Zmiiini Islands tract could be the impact of adverse climatic conditions (long periods without precipitation in summer), which led to the weakening of individual trees and their death, gusts of wind that broke individual tree trunks, low-intensity snow breaks, and the influence of biotic factors (insects, pathogens).

Characteristics Of Natural Oak Forests Of In Se "Khmilnytske Lisove Hospodarstvo" And Implementation Of Measures For Their Regeneration

As a consequence of the intensive economic use of oak forests in the region, the share of stands of natural origin is significantly reduced, which requires an in-depth study of their condition, productivity, and natural restoration processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the state, structure, and reforestation processes of oak forests for their further natural reproduction. Generally accepted methods in forestry and comparative ecology were used to compare the dynamics and condition of the studied stands with the reference ones. The paper presents the findings of the study of the productivity and state of natural forests within the state enterprise “Khmilnytske lisove hospodarstvo”. It was found out that natural oak stands are represented by 7 forest types, mainly in fresh hornbeam oak forest (area – 471 hectares). According to the results obtained, it was found that natural oak stands of vegetative origin predominate within the studied enterprise (528.6 ha). They are mainly represented by forests of the 11th age class (188.0 ha). High-bonitat oak forests of the 1st quality class predominate. Mature and over-mature stands have slightly lower productivity (2nd quality class, stand density of 0.6-0.7). The largest total reserve is characterised by stands of the 11th age class. The maximum average reserves are typical for stands of the 9th age class (290 m3 /ha). The greatest share of oak in stand composition (9-10 units) was found in stands of 9-10 age classes. The study shows that the natural renewal of oak is concentrated mainly in fresh sudubrava (fresh hornbeam sudubrava) in plantings in the presence of Scots pine and common oak. The density of natural renewal is 1-3 thousand units/ha. The practical value of the study is conditioned by the possibility of introducing the basic principles of forestry aimed at growing stable high-yield stands of common oak through more complete utilisation of natural renewal

Main forestry and management indices of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands involving beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in composition of Ukrainian Roztochchia

As of 2019, the total area of forest stands with the varying proportion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in composition on the Ukrainian Roztochchia was 11,251.3 ha and the area of pine stands involving European beech in composition was 6879.5 ha. Pine stands involving beech in composition are formed on the fresh, moist and boggy relatively pure and relatively rich soil condition. Pine forest stands (average share of pine exceeds 56%), which include beech in composition occupy more than 80% of the total area of interest. Mature and overmature forest stands dominate most of the landscape. More than 85% of stands are characterized by an average relative completeness. Undergrowth of deciduous tree species, which is mainly formed by European beech or hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and rarely by common oak (Quercus robur L.) or sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), is available under a canopy of middle-aged, ripening and mature stands. The study points to the need to rethink forest management approaches and eventually to use such methods of forest cuttings that ensure natural regeneration not only of a European beech and common oak, but primarily of a pine. The practice of creating pine plantations in such conditions favourable for its growth and development should be used only in those cases when it is impossible to achieve natural regeneration of pine.

Volume of woody detritus in fresh maple-linden dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park

The article examines the volume of coarse woody detritus in fresh maple-linden-dibrova in Slobozhanskyi National Nature Park. The study was carried out in 115-year-old forest with a predominance of common oak (Quercus robur L.) of natural origin on a sample plot (0.24 ha) by identifying and measuring of standing and lying dead wood components. The volume of dead wood in the forest ecosystem is 32.4 m3·ha–1 and consists of fallen (84.3%) and standing (15.7%). The main part of the dead wood volume is formed by one tree species — common oak (91.3%). In general, woody detritus is characterized by I–IV stages of decomposition, at the same time detritus of III (52.5%) and II (41.7%) stages prevails, detritus of other decomposition stages has insignificant shares (not exceeding 5.0%). No detritus of the last (V) stage of decomposition was detected. The volume of standing dead wood was 5.1 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole and broken dead trees. In terms of species composition, common oak predominates (80.4%), other species have much smaller shares: small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) (13.7%) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) (5.9%). The volume of standing dead wood is dominated by detritus of decomposition stage II (4.8 m3·ha–1, 94.1%), compared with stage I (0.3 m3·ha–1, 5.9%). The volume of lying dead wood is 27.3 m3·ha–1 and is formed by whole fallen trees, fragments of fallen trees (trunks) and thick branches. In terms of species composition dead wood volume is dominated by common oak detritus (25.6 m3·ha–1, 93.7%), and the shares of other species are insignificant. Fallen dead wood is represented by four stages of decomposition (I–IV). In terms of volume, decomposition stage III has an absolute advantage (16.9 m3·ha–1, 61.9%), much less detritus of stage II (8.7 m3·ha–1, 31.9%). Relatively low volume of woody detritus and the absence of dead wood of decomposition stage V may be associated with forestry activities, including selective sanitary cutting and fallen woody debris removal, in the past in modern NNP areas.

Recreational and health forests of Kremenets district, Ternopil region

The article presents the results of the research of recreational and health stands in Kremenets district of Ternopil region. The total area of these forests is 5868.2 hectares. Studies of the typological structure of the forests were carried out according to the methods of AlekseevPohrebniak Forest Typology of Forestry Ecological School. MapInfo Professional 12.0 and a vector map of Ukraine were used to construct a map-scheme of the research region. The typological variety of recreational and health-improving stands is represented from subors (В) to dubravas (D). Thus, dubravas are the largest share among them (72.9% of the total area covered with forest vegetation). The share of the area of sudubravas is 17.7% of the total area covered with forest vegetation; the rest is subors (9.4%). Forest managers have identified 14 types of forests on the territory of the research facility. Thus, there are only 2 types of forest in the subors, 8 types of forest in the sudubravas and 4 types of forests in the dubravas. The most common type of forest in Kremenets district is fresh hornbeam forest represented 71.6% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. The share of fresh hornbeam-oak-pine forest reaches 17.1%; a slightly smaller share is represented by fresh oak-pine subors — 9.4%. The forest species diversity is represented by 22 species of trees. Thus, among these tree species, the largest area is occupied by Common Oak (Quercus robur L.) — 40.6% of the total area covered with forest vegetation, and 29.1% — by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Stands of artificial origin (78.0% of the total area covered with forest vegetation) are dominant; the rest of stands have natural origin (22.0%). The age structure of stands is unbalanced. Middle-aged stands dominate (57.9% of the total area covered with forest vegetation). The share of maturing, young and matured forests ranges from 9.0 to 14.9% of the total forest area. In terms of relative completeness, stands with a density of 0.71–0.8 dominate which is 37.7% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. The share of stands with completeness of 0.61–0.7 (29.9%) and 0.81–0.9 (14.5%) is slightly smaller. The bonitete classes are dominated by stands of the I bonitete class — 51.3% of the total area covered with forest vegetation. Thus, the share of II, Ia and III bonitete classes varies from 7.1 to 23.3% of the total forest area

Analysis of species diversity of forests on the territory of Kharkivska Oblast

The paper presents the findings of a study of species diversity of forests in the Kharkivska Oblast. The study was conducted on the territory of ten forestry enterprises and the State Enterprise Kharkiv Forest Research Station and the Homilsha Woods National Nature Park on an area of 282.3 thousand ha (area is subordinated to the State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine). The purpose of the study was to analyse the species diversity and typological structure of forests in the Kharkivska Oblast. The study of species diversity was carried out based on analysis of the subcompartment database of the VO Ukrderzhlisproekt. The plantations were classified by the trophotope on the territory of the research facility in accordance with the main methodological provisions of the Ukrainian forestry and forest typology. A diagrammatic map of forests and dominant species (common oak and Scots pine) was compiled using the MapInfo Professional 12.5 software package and a vector map of 12 forestries in the Kharkivska Oblast. It has been established that 56 species of trees grow in the Kharkivska Oblast. Among these tree species, the predominant ones are common oak (53.4%) and Scots pine (32.7%). The distribution of plantations by trophotope is characterised by certain features. For example, dubrava conditions prevail in the stands (65.6% of the total area covered by forest vegetation), subor forests are 3.5 times less represented, and sudubravas and pine forests are the least common. Among the forest types, the most common are fresh maple-linden dubravas (43.7%) and fresh oak-pine subors (18.9%). The practical significance of the study is that the analysis of species diversity and typological structure of forests must be taken into account during the planning, organisation, and conduct of forestry activities in the Kharkivska Oblast