Bales Versus Polybags in Cold and Frozen Overwinter Storage of Nursery Stock

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
J. D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Fall lifted white spruce, white pine, and red pine were stored overwinter 1969–70 at Orono Nursery, Ontario. Frozen (−4 °C) and cold (1.5 °C) storage conditions; bales and polyethylene bags were compared. The trees were planted in the spring at three locations, both 'early' (May 5–8) and 'late' (May 26–28). This report is based on survival, height, and terminal shoot measurements to the end of the second season.Storage of white spruce was successful, the polybag was the better container, and frozen storage the better condition. White pine stored moderately successfully, and red pine storage was a failure.When planted late, fresh stock gave poor growth rates in all species. Reasonable extension of the planting season with frozen overwinter-stored stock appeared promising with white spruce. In white pine and red pine, however, late planting, even of stored stock, showed poor growth.

Is Moss Necessary in All Nursery Stock Packaging?

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Sphagnum Moss ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cool Storage ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Bare Root

In 1976 a test was started to examine the need for sphagnum moss in Kraft-polyethylene bags containing bare-root nursery stock of white spruce, white pine and red pine. The test involved comparisons of overwinter frozen storage (190 to 201 days at −2 °C), spring cool storage (24 to 26 days at 2 °C) and spring unrefrigerated storage (13 to 16 days at air temperature in shade). A comparison was also made of the Kraft-polyethylene bag and the polybin container for the storage of white spruce. The effects were examined in terms of survival and growth in the second year after outplanting.The results showed that sphagnum moss in the containers was of no benefit under the conditions of the experiment. Overwinter frozen storage and spring cool storage were successful for white spruce and white pine. Red pine did not store successfully overwinter, probably because the stock was of poor quality (off-balance). The polybin was particularly successful for packaging and storage of white spruce.

scholarly journals Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
J. D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Spring Planting

An experiment was started in the fall of 1972 to study the effects of the date of fall lifting on the post-planting performance of overwinter stored white spruce and jack pine. Storage at two temperatures was used, 0°F (−18 °C) and 26°F (−4 °C), with the former a failure, the latter successful. Spring planting indicated that "too early" outplanting is possible. Stored white spruce may be used to extend the planting season into late spring, but not jack pine.Degree-Hardening-Days, D-H-D, i.e. cumulative daily differences below 50°F from soil temperatures at 15 cm depth, is suggested as a possible criterion of stock readiness for storage. White spruce was about 200 D-H-D and jack pine about 375. By inferences from other experiments white pine is about 225 D-H-D and red pine about 300.

Another Look at Clay Dipping of Bare-Root Nursery Stock

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
W. R. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Clay Slurry ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Bare Root

Four experiments were established at Orono nursery to study the effects of root dipping (Kaolin clay slurry) on survival and growth after outplanting of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.). There were early- and late-season spring plantings carried out after holding the trees in unrefrigerated storage in kraft-polyethylene bags for periods up to 3 weeks. Results of the outplantings were examined in terms of 5-year survival and growth data.The results show that the clay dipping was usually of no benefit and sometimes damaging. Late planting generally resulted in decreased survival and poorer growth. Storage of trees from the early lifting showed no significant decreases in survival and growth, but storage of spruce in the late lifting showed reduced survival and growth in proportion to duration of holding.

Abscisic acid concentration in Douglas-fir needles in relation to lifting date, cold storage, and postplanting vigor of seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasi Puttonen
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Light Storage ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Polyethylene Bags

Spring-lifted seedlings were grown in pots in the field and, after a natural fall photoperiod, exposed to three 25-day cold (+4 °C) storage treatments and two lifting times, mid-November and mid-January. The storage treatments were light storage in pots, dark storage in pots, and bareroot storage in polyethylene bags in the dark. In a second experiment, an extended fall photoperiod treatment was applied to seedlings that were then stored in pots and subjected to the same light and dark treatments above. In both experiments, needle samples were taken four times during and after the treatments for abscisic acid assay. Abscisic acid concentrations were determined using gas liquid chromatography after purification with high performance liquid chromatography. Lifting times and storage treatments did not result in statistically significant differences in abscisic acid concentrations. However, there were treatment differences in characteristics of postplanting performance. Mid-November lifting resulted in reduced survival and a greater number of days to bud flush compared with the mid-January lifting results. The extended fall photoperiod material produced similar results to the natural fall photoperiod material. The failure to detect a relationship between needle abscisic acid concentration and seedling vigor may have been due to a transitory role of abscisic acid in the storage conditions studied. The quantification method for abscisic acid is insensitive and laborious for practical seedling testing.

scholarly journals Container Planting in Ontario

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Average Spacing ◽  
Short Notice ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
One Year ◽  
Principal Species

An average of 17 million tubed seedlings were planted annually in the Province of Ontario from 1966 to 1969. Plans call for increasing the programme to an estimated 20 million tubed seedlings in 1971.Tubed seedlings provide a supply of seedling stock, which can be planted during the summer months, making the best use of available labour supply. Other advantages are ease of planting on shallow-soiled sites, ease of handling, low planting costs, and flexibility provided by production of seedlings on short notice to meet immediate needs. The principal species grown are black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine. The ground is generally site prepared prior to planting by mechanical scarification or prescribed burning. Planting is carried out at average spacing of 1,000 trees per acre. Survival figures of recent planting, after one year, indicate survival comparable to that of standard bare-rooted nursery stock.

Respiration rate of cold-stored nursery stock

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyser

Respiration rates of 3-year-old red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) and 3-year-old white spruce (Piceaglauca Moench. (Voss)) were measured in sealed containers at 4.5 °C. Increase in CO2 concentration was measured using an infrared gas analyser (IRGA). Respiration continued steadily, at 0.025–0.046 mg CO2 g−1 dry matter h−1 up to CO2 concentrations of 2%, which are similar to those encountered in storage bags. Respiration rate of white spruce tended to be higher than that of red pine at 4.5 °C, and measurements of dry matter loss over 49 and 107 days confirmed that both species decrease in dry weight by about 4% in 100 days of storage at this temperature.

Effects of early cone collection and artificial ripening on white spruce and red pine germination

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Winston ◽  
B. D. Haddon
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Seed Stratification ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Good Germination

Two experiments were conducted at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, in 1978 to test the feasibility of early cone collection and to determine the optimum conditions for the artificial ripening of white spruce and red pine cones. Cones were collected at periodic intervals, commencing 7 weeks before natural cone ripeness, and stored under four storage conditions and three storage periods. White spruce cones collected August 1, 4 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on open, screened trays for 12 weeks at 5 °C and 75–95% relative humidity yielded seeds of high germinability. Seeds extracted from cones immediately after this collection failed to germinate. Cold storage of white spruce cones at 5 °C for as little as 4 weeks eliminated dormancy and the subsequent need for seed stratification after extraction. Good germination of red pine seeds was obtained from cones collected August 16, 7 weeks before natural seed dispersal, and stored on screened trays in a well-ventilated, unheated building, for 4 weeks.Completion of embryo growth must be attained before artificial ripening can be successfully applied; it may be used as an index for commencement of cone collections provided subsequent cone handling includes artificial ripening.

scholarly journals Response of Suppressed Conifer Seedlings to Release from an Aspen-pine Overstorey

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Dense Stand ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Seedlings of white pine, red pine, and white spruce which had germinated in a spot-seeding experiment, and which had been suppressed for 27 years under a mature aspen-pine stand were released in 1950. The development of a new dense stand of aspen suckers permitted conifer growth rates of about 0.3 m per year for the next 30 years (not as rapid as for open grown trees) yet limited white pine weevil damage. The stand was thinned in 1980 to remove the aspen and all but the best stem of the coniferous species at each seed spot.

Cannabinoid Stability in Antemortem and Postmortem Blood

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Vanessa Meneses ◽  
Dani Mata
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Drug Stability ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Postmortem Blood ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In toxicological testing, drug stability is important when providing quantitative results and interpretation of findings, as well as when collecting correlation data. The goal of this study was to expand on previous stability studies and to evaluate other cannabinoids encountered in forensic toxicology. In this 6-month study, the stability of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, Cannabinol and Cannabidiol in antemortem and postmortem blood was evaluated in refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (−4°C) storage conditions. Pooled antemortem and postmortem bloods were fortified at low and high concentrations and stored in untreated glassware. Over 6 months, samples were analyzed by automated extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry to evaluate the change in concentration over time. Samples in each storage condition were analyzed in triplicate 12 times over the 6-month period. Cannabinoids in antemortem blood were more stable in the refrigerated condition than in the frozen condition, with 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC and Cannabinol having more than 80% of the original concentration remaining at the end of the study. Cannabinoids in postmortem blood had improved stability in the frozen storage condition with THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC and Cannabinol in the low concentration pool with more than 80% of the original concentration remaining. These data demonstrated that cannabinoids may decrease in concentration over time when stored in untreated glass vials. To ensure the most accurate determination of drug concentration, samples containing cannabinoids should be analyzed as soon as possible.

Effects of nursery seedbed density and topdressing fertilization on survival and growth of 3 + 0 red pine

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
L. Bowdery
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
And Performance

Two experiments with red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) were established on 1 + 0 beds at Midhurst Nursery in 1966 and 1967 to study the effects on planting stock of two seedbed densities (160 and 320 trees/m2) and three fertilization levels of topdressing (superficial application of dry fertilizer: control (none), normal, and double). Observations were made as trees were lifted at 3 + 0 and also in the field 5 years after outplanting.Lower seedbed density produced heavier trees, larger stem diameters, and in most cases lower top–root ratios for outplanting. It also resulted in higher survival and taller trees at 5 years after outplanting. The normal 'N' fertilization did not significantly affect tree size in the nursery but was related to decreased survival rate and performance after outplanting.Comparisons with white pine (P. strobas L.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss.) are given.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document