Another Look at Clay Dipping of Bare-Root Nursery Stock

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
W. R. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Clay Slurry ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Bare Root

Four experiments were established at Orono nursery to study the effects of root dipping (Kaolin clay slurry) on survival and growth after outplanting of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.). There were early- and late-season spring plantings carried out after holding the trees in unrefrigerated storage in kraft-polyethylene bags for periods up to 3 weeks. Results of the outplantings were examined in terms of 5-year survival and growth data.The results show that the clay dipping was usually of no benefit and sometimes damaging. Late planting generally resulted in decreased survival and poorer growth. Storage of trees from the early lifting showed no significant decreases in survival and growth, but storage of spruce in the late lifting showed reduced survival and growth in proportion to duration of holding.

Is Moss Necessary in All Nursery Stock Packaging?

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Sphagnum Moss ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cool Storage ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Bare Root

In 1976 a test was started to examine the need for sphagnum moss in Kraft-polyethylene bags containing bare-root nursery stock of white spruce, white pine and red pine. The test involved comparisons of overwinter frozen storage (190 to 201 days at −2 °C), spring cool storage (24 to 26 days at 2 °C) and spring unrefrigerated storage (13 to 16 days at air temperature in shade). A comparison was also made of the Kraft-polyethylene bag and the polybin container for the storage of white spruce. The effects were examined in terms of survival and growth in the second year after outplanting.The results showed that sphagnum moss in the containers was of no benefit under the conditions of the experiment. Overwinter frozen storage and spring cool storage were successful for white spruce and white pine. Red pine did not store successfully overwinter, probably because the stock was of poor quality (off-balance). The polybin was particularly successful for packaging and storage of white spruce.

Bales Versus Polybags in Cold and Frozen Overwinter Storage of Nursery Stock

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin ◽  
J. D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Storage ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Fall lifted white spruce, white pine, and red pine were stored overwinter 1969–70 at Orono Nursery, Ontario. Frozen (−4 °C) and cold (1.5 °C) storage conditions; bales and polyethylene bags were compared. The trees were planted in the spring at three locations, both 'early' (May 5–8) and 'late' (May 26–28). This report is based on survival, height, and terminal shoot measurements to the end of the second season.Storage of white spruce was successful, the polybag was the better container, and frozen storage the better condition. White pine stored moderately successfully, and red pine storage was a failure.When planted late, fresh stock gave poor growth rates in all species. Reasonable extension of the planting season with frozen overwinter-stored stock appeared promising with white spruce. In white pine and red pine, however, late planting, even of stored stock, showed poor growth.

ROOT PRUNING OF NURSERY STOCK

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Survival And Growth

In the fall of 1958, an experiment was begun at Midhurst Nursery to study the effects of root pruning at different stages of growth and at two depths, on 3-0 stock of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Root pruning was done by undercutting broadcast-sown seedbeds at two inch and four inch depths; in the fall as 2-0 (Sept. 16, 1958), in the spring at start of growth (April 30, 1959), during flush of growth (May 28, 1959) and towards end of terminal growth (June 25,1959).Seedbed counts were taken before lifting, in fall 1959, to study mortality. Random samples were taken on date of lifting (Sept. 17, 1959), for laboratory measurements to study effects on seedlings size. Other random samples were planted in experimental designs at Larose Forest. Counts of survival, and measurements of terminal growth were taken at the first, third and fifth year after planting.Results showed no mortality in the nursery but that all root pruning reduced height growth. Root pruning of white spruce after the flush of growth (June 25) increased survival and growth after outplanting, over that of unpruned stock. None of the treatments increased survival or growth of white pine. Depth of root pruning had no significant effect.

USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: effects on understory vegetation

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Neumann ◽  
Donald I. Dickmann
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Burning

Beginning in 1991, periodic surface fires (frontal fire intensities <200 kW m–1) were introduced into a mixed red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) plantation (dbh 16–60 cm). Replicated plots of 0.4–0.5 ha were either burned three times at biennial intervals (early May of 1991, 1993, and 1995), burned once (early May 1991), or not burned. Measurements were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. The pine overstory was largely unaffected by the fires. The understory on unburned plots contained 16 111 large seedlings (>1 m, ≤ 1.9 cm dbh) and 3944 saplings (2.0–5.9 cm dbh) per ha, consisting of 23 woody angiosperm taxa. Plots burned once contained 60% of the large seedlings, 7% of the saplings, and 6 fewer taxa than unburned plots. No large seedlings and few saplings were found in plots burned biennially. Cover of low (<1 m) woody and herbaceous vegetation in plots burned once or three times was twice that of unburned plots, even in the growing season immediately following the May 1995 re-burn. Recovery of low vegetative cover in the re-burned plots was rapid, exceeding that in once-burned or unburned plots by late summer following the burn. Species richness of low vegetation was 20–25% higher in burned than unburned plots, except in the year immediately following reburning. Taxa dominating this site following burning were Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Rubus spp., Phytolacca americana L., and Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. MÜll.) Watt. Restoration of low-intensity surface fires to ecosystems dominated by mature red pine or white pine is feasible, but major changes in understory structure and composition will occur.

Survival and growth response of white spruce stock types to site preparation in Alaska

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Youngblood ◽  
Elizabeth Cole ◽  
Michael Newton
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Bare Root

To identify suitable methods for reforestation, we evaluated the interacting effects of past disturbance, stock types, and site preparation treatments on white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedling survival and growth across a range of sites in Alaska. Replicated experiments were established in five regions. At each site, two complete installations differed in time since disturbance: “new” units were harvested immediately before spring planting and “old” units were harvested at least 3 years before planting. We compared mechanical scarification before planting, broadcast herbicide application during the fall before planting, and no site preparation with 1-year-old container-grown seedlings from two sources, 2-year-old bare-root transplants from two sources, and 3-year-old bare-root transplants. Seedlings were followed for 11 years on most sites. Based on meta-analyses, seedling survival increased 10% with herbicide application and 15% with mechanical scarification compared with no site preparation. Scarification and herbicide application increased seedling height by about 28% and 35%, respectively, and increased seedling volume by about 86% and 195%, respectively, compared with no site preparation. Soil temperature did not differ among site preparation methods after the first 7 years. Results suggest that white spruce stands may be successfully restored through a combination of vegetation control and use of quality planting stock.

scholarly journals Container Planting in Ontario

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Average Spacing ◽  
Short Notice ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
One Year ◽  
Principal Species

An average of 17 million tubed seedlings were planted annually in the Province of Ontario from 1966 to 1969. Plans call for increasing the programme to an estimated 20 million tubed seedlings in 1971.Tubed seedlings provide a supply of seedling stock, which can be planted during the summer months, making the best use of available labour supply. Other advantages are ease of planting on shallow-soiled sites, ease of handling, low planting costs, and flexibility provided by production of seedlings on short notice to meet immediate needs. The principal species grown are black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, red pine and white pine. The ground is generally site prepared prior to planting by mechanical scarification or prescribed burning. Planting is carried out at average spacing of 1,000 trees per acre. Survival figures of recent planting, after one year, indicate survival comparable to that of standard bare-rooted nursery stock.

Effets du brûlage dirigé et du scarifiage sur l'établissement des semis et sur leur interaction avec la végétation concurrente

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Tellier ◽  
Luc C. Duchesne ◽  
Robert S. McAlpine ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clear Cut

In 1990, a jack pine forest was clear-cut on an 15 ha area and divided into 40 plots. In 1991, ten plots were burned-over under varying conditions to obtain different fire intensities and ten plots were scarified. Each plot was planted in 1992 with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) seedlings. Survival rate and health of the seedlings was evaluated for the first two years after planting and the non-crop vegetation was assessed using a competition index developed for conifer management in Ontario. Our results show seedling survival rate, health, biomass and height to be improved when planted on burned-over or scarified sites and that fire intensity influences certain of those characteristics. Key words: scarification, fire, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, competition

INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DEPTH ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF RED PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Side Hole ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Height Data

The tenth-year survival and height data for an experiment which compared five depths of planting (−2, −1, 0, +1 and +2 inches), and two methods of planting, slit (with spade) and wedge (side-hole, with spade), of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., are given.Survival was found to increase with depth of planting whereas height growth was best with shallow planting in the 0 to +1 range. As the effect on height growth was minor in comparison with the effect on survival it was concluded that planting slightly below nursery level was best.The poorer survival (about 10%) and height growth (about 13%) of the trees planted by the slit method was not significant, although the experimental design permitted only a coarse comparison.

scholarly journals Managing succession in conifer plantations: converting young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations to native forest types by thinning and underplanting

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Parker ◽  
Daniel C. Dey ◽  
Steven G. Newmaster ◽  
Ken A. Elliott ◽  
Eric Boysen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
White Ash

The effects of thinning on growth and survival of white pine (Pinus strobus L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and understory plant diversity were examined in a young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation. Five years after thinning, seedling diameter, height, and stem volume were positively correlated with thinning intensity and the size of canopy openings. Percent survival did not differ among thinning treatments, but was significantly higher in white ash and white pine than red oak. Understory vegetation included 113 species, with species richness increasing with thinning intensity and proximity to neighbouring plant communities. Thinning to create relatively large canopy openings in combination with underplanting can promote the natural succession of young pine plantations to native forest species. Keywords: direct seeding, plant diversity, natural regeneration, red oak, restoration, white ash, white pine

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