scholarly journals An evaluation of total lysine as a predictor of lysine status in protein concentrates for growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
C. E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Bio Assay

1. Eight protein concentrates were compared on a total lysine basis in lysine-deficient diets for pigs during the 20–45 kg growth phase. Each diet was also supplemented with free lysine to verify that lysine was the first limiting amino acid.2. With fish meal, skim-milk powder, rapeseed meal and soya-bean meal growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were similar and superior (P < 0.05) to those produced with cottonseed meal, two meat meals and sunflower meal.3. The response to added free lysine confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all diets except skim milk, where the growth response was not significant (P < 0.05).4. The growth response of the pigs indicated that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal, the two meat meals and sunflower meal was reduced by approximately 60% compared to that in the other protein concentrates.5. Rat bio-assay estimates of the availability of lysine in the protein concentrates were in general agreement with those calculated from the response of pigs. There was little relationship between the Silcock estimates for lysine availability for the cottonseed, meat meals or sunflower meal relative to either the rat bio-assay estimates or the response of pigs.

scholarly journals The availability of lysine in diets for pigs: comparative methodology

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Four experiments were conducted to compare different methods for estimating the availability of lysine in protein feeds. The same feeds were used in all experiments. In the first experiment the apparent digestibility of lysine to the ileum of growing pigs was found to be 0.92, 0.69, 0.73, 0.85, 0.84 and 0.97 for soya-bean meal, cottonseed meal 1, cottonseed meal 2, meat meal, sunflower meal and skim milk respectively. In the second experiment the utilization of lysine (relative to free lysine) for weight gain, as measured in weaner pigs, was found to be 0.68, 0.73, 0.81, 0.86 and 1.00 for cottonseed meal 1, cottonseed meal 2, meat meal, sunflower meal and skim milk respectively. In Expt 3 diets were formulated to contain soya-bean meal, sunflower meal or cottonseed meal 2 with the same available lysine content from the measurements made in Expts 1 and 2. The feed conversion ratios of weaner pigs given these diets were similar for the three sources of protein when the values were adjusted for the differences in digestible dry matter intake. In the fourth experiment isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated with increasing amounts of lysine from synthetic lysine or cottonseed meal 2. The diets were given to weaner pigs and resulted in a curvilinear response to lysine particularly for the cottonseed meal, so that the availability of lysine in cottonseed meal was similar to that of synthetic lysine at low lysine intakes and much lower than synthetic lysine at higher lysine intakes. Possible reasons for the curvilinear responses are discussed.

Digestibility of threonine from protein concentrates for growing pigs. 2. The digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum in pigs given six protein concentrates

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz ◽  
Y Mollah
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Meat Meal

Six male Landrace x Large White pigs (25 kg liveweight) were fitted with T-shape cannulae in the terminal ileum. The pigs were fed 1.2 kg dry matter per day containing 4.5 g threonine/kg of diet from continuous belt feeders. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) to the terminal ileum was 0.91, 0.87, 0.85, 0.81, 0.80 and 0.75 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, meat meal, sunflower meal and cotton seed meal respectively. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen (N) to the terminal ileum was 0.87, 0.87, 0.86, 0.86, 0.81 and 0.74 for pigs given diets containing milk, fish meal, soybean meal, sunflower meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively. The true digestibility of threonine to the terminal ileum was 0.96, 0.95, 0.90, 0.87, 0.80 and 0.66 for the diets containing milk, fish meal, sunflower meal, soybean meal, meat meal and cottonseed meal, respectively.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs. 1. Effects of reducing protein level in diets containing high levels of lysine

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

ABSTRACTSixty-four growing pigs, with equal numbers of females and castrated males, were fed diets containing from 10 to 17·6% crude protein but in which lysine was maintained at 0·95%. Over the 25 kg to 55 kg live-weight range studied, growth performance was unaffected by a reduction in crude protein level from 17·6 to 14·5%. Below 14·5% crude protein, daily live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio deteriorated linearly. Percentages of lean meat and fat in the middle joint showed similar trends. Significant sex effects were confined to carcass characteristics which indicated that the females produced leaner carcasses. It was concluded that below 14·5% crude protein a deficiency of the next limiting amino acid to lysine, or possibly non-essential nitrogen, depressed growth performance.

An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Wang ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Ideal

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 6. Amino acid and mineral-vitamin-antibiotic supplements for maize-meat meal diets

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Cent Increase

Maize-meat meal and maize-meat and bone meal diets were supplemented with dl-tryptophan, l-lysine or a mineral-vitamin-antibiotic (MVA) premix and fed to pigs during the 1s to 45 kg growth phase. Diets were offered at an estimated 145 kcal of digestible energy and 7g crude protein per kg liveweight per day. The basal maize-meat meal diet produced poor growth and feed conversion and the combined addition of all three supplements increased growth by 46 per cent, feed conversion by 21 per cent, and lean in the ham by 4.7 per cent. This effect resulted from responses to dl-tryptophan, the MVA and an interaction between dl-tryptophan and l-lysine, with l-lysine depressing gain and feed conversion in the absence of dl- tryptophan and increasing gain, feed conversion, and lean in the ham in its presence. The basal maize-meat and bone meal diet also produced poor growth and feed conversion, and the combined addition of all three supplements resulted in an 82 per cent increase in growth, a 35 per cent increase in feed conversion, and a 3.3 per cent increase in lean in the ham. Both dl-tryptophan and MYA separately increased growth and feed conversion and combined they had an even greater effect. The l-lysine increased feed conversion and lean in the ham. The l-lysine also increased growth rates on the dl-tryptophan supplemented diets, but this effect was not significant (P>0.05).

Protein quality studies. 1. A comparison of meat and bone meal and fish meal-skim milk powder as sources of supplementary protein for growing pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (29) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Wilson ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

Pig performance was compared on wheat based diets supplemented by two levels of either meat and bone meal or fish meal plus skim milk powder. The dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention on these diets were determined and the effect of adding zinc to diets containing meat and bone meal was examined. At the higher level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal, but feed conversion and carcase lean were not affected. At the lower level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced leaner carcases and greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal supplement, but had no effect on feed conversion. Between 60-100 lb, feed conversion was affected by level but not by supplement, and the higher level of fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains than all other diets. The higher levels of each supplement produced greater nitrogen retentions and leaner carcases than the lower levels. Dry matter digestibility was least on the higher level meat and bone meal. Zinc supplements had no effect on performance.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 3. The effects of amino acid, copper and vitamin B supplements

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (42) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Large White ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Meat Meal

A series of experiments measured the effect of amino acid, copper, and vitamin B supplementation of 80 : 20 wheat--meat meal or wheat-meat and bone meal diets for Large White pigs during the growth phase between 18 and 45 kg liveweight. Diets were fed under a restricted feeding system. The addition of l-lysine to the diet increased nitrogen retention, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and lean content of the ham in experiment 1, and increased liveweight gain and feed conversion efficiency in experiment 2. No response to a lower level of l-lysine was obtained in a third experiment. There was no apparent effect of supplementary dl-methionine, either alone, or in combination with 1-lysine. A 21-fold increase in liver copper levels occurred in pigs supplemented with 250 p.p.m. copper, but no apparent effect on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or lean in the ham was detected. There was no apparent effect of a supplement containing riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and nicotinic acid on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, or lean content of the ham.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

scholarly journals Some Nigerian Protein Concentrates as Foods and Feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Good Grade ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal

THE nutrients, amino acid composition and protein quality of a range of Nigerian foods and feeds have been studied in chemical and biological tests with pigs and rats. Lysine, methionine, tryptophan and, to a lesser extent, threonine, were the amino acids present in the least amounts in most of the concentrates. Apparent and true digestibility of the concentrates were high except for palm kernel meal (PKM), African locust bean (ALB), and cashewnut scrap meal (CSM). All the animal protein concentrates showed good nutritional qualities except blood meal (BM), which, despite its high lysine content, showed very poor nutritional values and supported no gain in pigs or rats, probably due to its low methionine - cystine and tryptophan content, coupled with a possible isoleucine-leucine antagonism. Among the plant proteins, ALB showed particularly low values, while cashewnut good grade meal (CM) was found to be superior to soyabean meal (SM). The cashewnut scrap kernel meal (CSM) was inferior to the good grade meal. When evaluated at a critical protein level with growing pigs, it was found to be superior to groundnut meal. In practical type diets for fattening pigs, CSM diets were superior to the groundnut meal (GNM) diets, in terms of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. The PKM, despite its apparent balance of amino acids showed poor nutritional values for the rat. In a test with practical type diets, pigs on PKM grew at a highly significantly slower rate and had highly significantly poorer feed and protein efficiency ratios than the pigs on other diets. In another trial involving supplementation of PKM diets with either GNM, fishmeal (FM), BM or milk powder (MP), pigs on the PKM diet supplemented with 10% GNM, had a significantly slower rate of gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio than those on other diets containing lower quantities of PKM supplemented with other protein concentrates. Supplementation of PKM diets with FM and BM gave significantly better results than supplementation with GNM or MP. 

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