Protein quality studies. 1. A comparison of meat and bone meal and fish meal-skim milk powder as sources of supplementary protein for growing pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (29) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Wilson ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

Pig performance was compared on wheat based diets supplemented by two levels of either meat and bone meal or fish meal plus skim milk powder. The dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention on these diets were determined and the effect of adding zinc to diets containing meat and bone meal was examined. At the higher level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal, but feed conversion and carcase lean were not affected. At the lower level, fish meal plus skim milk powder produced leaner carcases and greater daily gains between 60-160 lb than the meat and bone meal supplement, but had no effect on feed conversion. Between 60-100 lb, feed conversion was affected by level but not by supplement, and the higher level of fish meal plus skim milk powder produced greater daily gains than all other diets. The higher levels of each supplement produced greater nitrogen retentions and leaner carcases than the lower levels. Dry matter digestibility was least on the higher level meat and bone meal. Zinc supplements had no effect on performance.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of full-fat rapeseeds for growing pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Low Erucic Acid

The digestibility and nutritive value of full-fat, ground rapeseeds of two low-erucic acid, low-glucosinolate varieties, Candle (Brassica campestris) and Regent (B. napus), were determined for three pigs, weighing about 40 kg each. The ME values were 18.72 and 20.26 MJ ME/kg DM, the NE values 1,58 and 1.70 FU/kg DM (FU = 0.7 kg starch) and the DCP values 155 and 201 g DCP/kg DM, respectively, for the two varieties. Nitrogen balances in the same trials were 21.0 and 22.0 g N/d. Twenty-eight freshly weaned piglets averaging 11 kg in weight were fed during four weeks 1) a control diet containing barley and skim milk powder, or 2) the control diet with 10% finely ground Candle seeds incorporated. The calculated energy and DCP values of the diets were alike. The growth rates of both groups were equal, as were the palatabilities of the diets. The feed conversion figures were 2.0 and 2.1 FU/kg liveweight gain, respectively. Accordingly, the energy value of Candle seeds was a little poorer for piglets than for the older growing pigs.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 2. The effect of level of meat meal or meat and bone meal in wheat-based diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Large White ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Wheat based diets containing 10, 20, or 30 per cent of meat meal or meat and bone meal were fed at a daily rate of 3.5 per cent of liveweight to Large White pigs in the 40-160 lb liveweight range. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined on pigs fed the meat and bone meal diets. Increasing the inclusion level of both meat meal and meat and bone meal from 10 to 20 per cent significantly increased the lean content of the ham and tended to improve daily gain and feed conversion. Including meat and bone meal at 30 per cent of the diet resulted in a significant depression of growth rate and feed conversion efficiency between 40 and 160 lb liveweight. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets containing meat and bone meal decreased as the level of meal increased. Nitrogen retention appeared to be greatest at the 20 per cent level.

Replacement value of dried egg meal for skim milk powder in diets for young pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Taverner ◽  
R Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Powder Component ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
The Mean

The growth of piglets reared individually in pens over the age interval three to eight weeks was compared for isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets in which part or all of the skim milk powder component of the diet was replaced by dried egg meal. Other components common to all diets included wheat, soyabean meal and fish meal. The dried egg meal and skim milk powder in total comprised 55 per cent of the protein concentrate in each diet. The mean growth rates and feed conversion ratios of 360 g day-1 and 2.14 kg feed kg-1 in liveweight gain, respectively, did not differ significantly for any diet. In a further experiment with older pigs the digestible energy content of dried egg meal and skim milk powder was shown to be 6127 and 3907 kcal kg-1 of dry feed respectively.

THE EFFECTS OF REPLACING SKIM MILK POWDER AND/OR WHEY WITH REFINED FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (CONMAR 80) IN CREEP AND WEANER STARTER DIETS ON PIG PERFORMANCE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. DEBOER ◽  
R. R. HACKER ◽  
S. LEESON
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A series of trials was conducted to investigate the effects of Conmar 80 (80% CP), a new commercial hexane-extracted fish meal, as a protein source in creep and weaner-starter diets. Eight dietary treatments, comparable in composition except for the protein source, were offered in three experiments to 112 litters and 44 Yorkshire piglets. The first two trials were designed to compare piglet performance, during the suckling and early-weaning period when Conmar 80 was included as part of the creep diet or the starter diet protein. The third trial was designed to study the digestibility of increasing levels of Conmar 80 as a protein source in the weaner ration of 70-d old barrows. The results of this study indicate that piglet performance was not adversely affected when Conmar 80 was substituted at 3.5–5.0% of the creep diet or when Conmar 80 was used as the sole animal protein source in the starter diet. The digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was 85.6 ± 0.05% and 85.1 ± 0.24%; 74.7 ± 0.14% and 73.6 ± 0.53% when Conmar 80 was substituted in the weaner ration at the 5% and the 10% level respectively. The digestible energy was 13.5 ± 0.01 and 13.4 ± 0.04 MJ kg−1, respectively. It is concluded that Conmar 80 can satisfactorily be included to replace 14.5–22.0% of the dietary protein in pig creep and weaner feeds. Key words: Conmar 80, fish meal, swine, creep diets, weaner diets

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 6. Amino acid and mineral-vitamin-antibiotic supplements for maize-meat meal diets

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Cent Increase

Maize-meat meal and maize-meat and bone meal diets were supplemented with dl-tryptophan, l-lysine or a mineral-vitamin-antibiotic (MVA) premix and fed to pigs during the 1s to 45 kg growth phase. Diets were offered at an estimated 145 kcal of digestible energy and 7g crude protein per kg liveweight per day. The basal maize-meat meal diet produced poor growth and feed conversion and the combined addition of all three supplements increased growth by 46 per cent, feed conversion by 21 per cent, and lean in the ham by 4.7 per cent. This effect resulted from responses to dl-tryptophan, the MVA and an interaction between dl-tryptophan and l-lysine, with l-lysine depressing gain and feed conversion in the absence of dl- tryptophan and increasing gain, feed conversion, and lean in the ham in its presence. The basal maize-meat and bone meal diet also produced poor growth and feed conversion, and the combined addition of all three supplements resulted in an 82 per cent increase in growth, a 35 per cent increase in feed conversion, and a 3.3 per cent increase in lean in the ham. Both dl-tryptophan and MYA separately increased growth and feed conversion and combined they had an even greater effect. The l-lysine increased feed conversion and lean in the ham. The l-lysine also increased growth rates on the dl-tryptophan supplemented diets, but this effect was not significant (P>0.05).

A note on the effect of sudden changes in the composition of the diet of growing pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-317
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Per Se

SUMMARYTwo diets, one based on barley and white-fish meal and the other on oats, wheat and meat and bone meal, with similar concentrations of digestible energy, crude protein, lysine and methionine+cystine were used to investigate the effects of sudden changes in the composition of the diet on the performance of pigs growing from 32 kg live weight, over a period of 77 days.The diets were given separately, alternated weekly with sudden changes from one diet to the other, or as a 1:1 mixture.Changes in diet per se had insignificant effects on performance.

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
A. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-two British Friesian calves were individually offered milk substitutes ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The milks were reconstituted to contain 170, 200, 230 or 260 g dry matter (DM) per kg, using spray-dried skim milk powder and homogenized fat-filled powder containing 500 g fat per kg. Drinking water was available ad libitum at all times. The last two blocks of four calves were used to measure the digestibility, absorption and retention of the constituents of the diets at 2, 6 and 11 weeks of age.The DM intakes of the calves given the four diets were variable but generally increased with increasing DM concentration, mean values being 61·5, 59·5, 66·0 and 73·3 g DM per kg M0.75. As the calves increased in age, their intakes decreased from 67·3 g DM per kg M0.75 at 2 weeks of age to 61·1 g DM per kg M0.75 at 8 weeks of age.The higher DM concentrations and intakes were associated with the higher rates of weight gain; the mean live weights at 12 weeks of age being 121·8, 123·9, 135·3 and 141·6 kg for the calves offered milks reconstituted at 170, 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg respectively.The concentration of the DM had no effect upon the coefficients of digestion or absorption nor on the retention of energy, protein, calcium or phosphorus. The digestibility of protein increased, whilst the absorption and retention of Ca and P declined with age.Intake of drinking water did not change with age, but was higher for calves given the milk containing 260 g DM per kg than for those given the other three concentrations. The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.

QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MILK REPLACERS FOR YOUNG CALVES. II. EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT OF SKIM MILK POWDER AND FAT LEVELS ON CALF GROWTH, FEED INTAKE AND NITROGEN BALANCE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. LISTER ◽  
D. B. EMMONS
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Forming Characteristics ◽  
Suitable Index

Three spray-dried powders were prepared after heating skim milk for 30 min at 60 C (LT), 73.9 C (MT) or 85 C (HT). Each was reconstituted to two concentrations of dietary fat and fed to five or six calves for 26 days after purchase at approximately 1 wk of age. Calves receiving the HT skim milk had significantly (P < 0.05) higher incidence of diarrhea and slower rate of gain over 19 days on test as compared with those fed the MT and LT skim milks. Subsequently growth rate was unaffected by the skim milk source and there were interactions of fat level with skim milk source. The high fat level (22.2% of dietary dry matter) resulted in a higher incidence of alopecia than in calves receiving the low fat level (16.2% of dietary dry matter). Nutrient digestibilities and nitrogen balance, measured from day 20 to day 26, were unaffected by skim milk treatments or fat concentrations. This experiment indicated that young calves, less than 3 wk of age, require a diet based on skim milk that has not been severely heat-treated and the curd formation is a suitable index of quality for such milk replacer diets. Where control diets for milk-replacer studies are designated "all milk protein," it is important for correct interpretation to define their curd-forming characteristics. For older calves, coagulation appears not to be a requirement.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 7. The value of meat meal as a potein supplement to barley, oats, sorghum and wheat based diets

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
MB Manson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Meat Meal

The comparative value of meat meal as a protein supplement to barley, oats, sorghum, and wheat-based diets was investigated for pigs during the 18-45 kg growth phase. Diets were offered at the rate of 129 kcal digestible energy and 7 g crude protein per kg liveweight per day. Two methods of estimating digestible energy in the diets were also examined. The major differences recorded (Pt0.05) were : Growth rates-Wheat barley and sorghum, oats and barley sorghum. Feed conversion ratios-Wheat barley: oats and sorghum. Protein efficiency ratios-Wheat and oats barley sorghum. Lean in ham-Oats and barley sorghum and wheat. When the magnitude of all differences was considered the results indicated that the protein quality of the sorghum-meat meal diet was lower than that of the other three diets. The correlation between digestible energy values estimated by two methods (energy in feed X dry matter digestibility) and (energy in feed-energy in faeces/feed intake) was significant (r = 0.98)

USE OF THE WILLEMS POLYTRON® TO HOMOGENIZE FAT AND DISPERSE INSOLUBLE INGREDIENTS IN HIGH-FAT LIQUID MILK REPLACERS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Lecithin ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

The operation of the Willems Polytron® to prepare batches of high-fat (27–35%, air dry basis) milk replacers is described. Most milk replacers were mixed at 40% solids to minimize foaming, and were diluted prior to feeding. The Polytron homogenized fat in liquid mixtures at 55 or 65 C, and partially dispersed insoluble ingredients in soybean, rape-seed, and fish flours. The inclusion of 25% or more of partially delactosed acid whey powder increased the viscosity of the mixtures, and held insoluble ingredients in suspension for several hours. Homogenization of a milk replacer containing 73% skim milk powder and 27% bleachable fancy tallow (3% soybean lecithin added) markedly improved growth (425 vs. 190 g/day), dry matter, nitrogen, and energy digestion (92 vs. 73% for energy) and nitrogen retention (44 vs. 24%) by calves. Calf responses were similar when the liquid diet was homogenized at either 55 or 65 C. Homogenization with 3% soybean lecithin in the tallow increased digestion of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy by chives by 5–6% units (P < 0.2), and Ca by 16% units (P < 0.05) compared with no lecithin. Bleachable fancy or crude tallow and 3% soybean lecithin or 0.2% glyceryl monostearate in the fat gave similar calf responses.

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