scholarly journals The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Development of Pea Seeds

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Robertson ◽  
HR Highkin ◽  
J Smydzuk ◽  
FW Went
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Night And Day

The effects of environmental conditions on pea seeds developing in pods were investigated by 'growing the plants under controlled conditions in the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory. In one experiment plants were kept under a variety of conditions throughout their period of growth and of seed-pod development. In two experiments plants were grown under standard conditions until they flowered and were then transferred to a series of different environments. The environmental conditions investigated included photoperiod, light intensity, and day and night temperatures. Samples of seeds were taken at different times after flowering and seed growth was recorded by fresh weight and dry weight measurements. 'The samples were analysed for total sugar, reducing sugar, starch, total nitrogen, and protein nitrogen. The most striking results were the effects of night and day tem-peratures on the growth and composition of the seeds, particularly on the sugar content. At low temperatures, the conversion of sugar to starch was much delayed and sugar continued to increase in concentration during growth; at higher tem-peratures the sugar entering the seeds was rapidly converted to starch; thus the carbohydrate composition of seeds grown at different temperatures was markedly different. Protein synthesis was also delayed at lower temperatures. Water uptake and rate of drying out of the seeds were also affected. The possible implications and interrelations of these observations are discussed.

Relationship Between Grain Nitrogen, Non-Protein Nitrogen and Nucleic Acids During Wheat Grain Development

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Eight wheat varieties which normally produce grain of different final percentage nitrogen content were grown under field and glasshouse conditions. The final percentage grain nitrogen of the field grown varieties ranked in the expected order; however, total nitrogen/grain, DNAIgrain, RNA/grain and non-protein nitrogen/grain during grain development differed between varieties. DNA/grain reached a maximum value in all varieties between 21 and 28 days post- anthesis, suggesting a longer period of cell division than previously reported. There was no apparent relationship between final percentage grain nitrogen and either DNA, total grain RNA or the concentration of grain amino acids during development. Heads from glasshouse grown wheat were detached at 8 days postanthesis and grown in liquid culture under conditions where the nitrogen concentration of the culture medium was varied. Fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain, RNA/grain and total grain nitrogen all increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the culture medium, but grain dry weight remained constant at the different nitrogen concentrations. The changes in fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain and RNA/grain were not the same for all varieties. A possible relationship between total grain nitrogen and DNA/grain and RNA/grain during seed development exists for heads grown in culture for individual varieties. This apparent relationship for individual varieties cannot be used to explain intervarietal differences in total grain nitrogen because in some cases different varieties grown under identical culture conditions, although producing grain of equivalent total nitrogen, had widely differing levels of both DNA and RNA per grain.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
HS Mckee ◽  
RN Robertson ◽  
JB Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Respiration Rates

Pea fruits from two crops were sampled at different times from flowering. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, starch, soluble carbohydrate, protein nitrogen, and soluble nitrogen in both seeds and hulls were followed in two seasons and related Jo the changes in cell volume in the seeds. In one season respiration rates and phosphate, pectin, and ascorbic acid contents were also investigated. The seeds gained more carbohydrate and nitrogen than was lost by the hulls. Starch and protein were synthesized rapidly by the seeds. The increase in starch content in the seeds was followed by a decrease in soluble carbohydrate content, after which the seed ceased to accumulate water. These metabolic changes are discussed in the light of recent biochemical knowledge, and in relation to more detailed biochemical investigations in progress.

scholarly journals 139 Flower Senescence in Hibiscus syriacus L.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 413D-413
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Kwon ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
Ki Sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

This experiment was undertaken to characterize the physiological changes taking place during the petal senescence of Hibiscus syriacus. Five distinctive developmental stages were chronologically suggested. Flower bud dry weight increased almost linearly from Stage I to Stage IV at a rate of ≈15 mg/day. Fresh weight and fresh/dry weight ratio increased much more rapidly between Stage III and Stage IV than during the early stage of development. It showed that petal expansion was partially due to an increased water uptake. The highest osmolality (411 mmol) was found in the fully open flowers. During the subsequent senescence and collapse of the flower, from Stage IV to Stage V, there were a rapid loss of fresh and dry weight and the fall of fresh/dry weight ratio, corresponding to the wilting that characterizes early senescence. A rise in cell sap osmolality coincided with the increase in soluble sugar content and fresh/dry weight ratio, and with the expansion of Hibiscus syriacus petal. Therefore, buds at Stage III, where they are under physiological maturity, might be appropriate to harvest. Hibiscus syriacus flowers showed a small but respiratory peak at Stage IV. The maximum rate of respiration was obtained with fully open flowers (Stage IV), whereas ethylene production remained extremely low until the petals started to open. Ethylene production, ACC synthase, and ACC content increased as the fresh weight of the flowers started to decline. At Stage V, there were a loss of petal fresh weight and a considerable increase in ethylene production (9 nL/g per h). The results of the present study have shown that petal tissue at Stage IV, presenescent stage, was characterized by the increase of soluble sugar and fresh weight, which might be expected to lead to petal expansion and limit turgidity. ABA and the stomata on petal might promote the disorganization.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR NASA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN JATI PUTIH (Gmelina arborea Roxb)

AGRICA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Josina Irene Brigetha Hutubessy
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Optimum Dosage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Number Of Leaves

This research aims to determine the effect of concentration of organic fertilizer Super NASA to the growth of seeds of white teak and to know the optimum dosage of organic fertilizer Super NASA can increase the growth of NASA plant seed white teak. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design with the treatment used is N0: without fertilizer Super NASA NASA, N1: Fertilizer NASA7 .5 ml seeds-1, N2: Fertilizer NASA 15 ml seeds-1, N3: Fertilizer NASA 22.5 ml seeds-1, N4: Fertilizer NASA 30 ml seeds-1. Variable observation in this study is the height of the plant, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight tan-1, fresh and dry weight oven tan-1. The results showed that the granting of Fertilizer NASA exerted a highly significant effect on the height of plant (23,65%), the number of leaves is not significant, leaf area (53,61%), fresh weight tan-1 (60,89%) and dry weight tan-1 (55,43%). The optimum dosage of Fertilizers NASA give the seed growth of white teak is best on the seed-1is 30 ml.

In Ovule Culture in Peach: Embryo Perforation, Duration of Culture, and Media Effects on Seed Growth and Seedling Survival

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460f-461
Author(s):  
David H. Byrne ◽  
Marissa Rizzo ◽  
Katrina Porter ◽  
David Ramming ◽  
Natalie Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Sample ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Before And After

In the breeding of early maturing peach and nectarine cultivars, the use of embryo rescue techniques is invaluable since the embryos of these materials are not mature by the time the fruit is mature. Thus the seed does not germinate under normal stratification/germination procedures. Peach embryos between 3 and 6 mm in length were cultured in ovule on WPM under treatments that varied in sucrose levels (4% and 6%),the use of vitamins (casein hydrosylate, ascorbic acid, and panthotenic acid) and hormones (BAP and GA3), and the duration of the treatment (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). A five-seed sample was measured for length, fresh weight, and dry weight before and after treatment. The treated embryos were then cultured in a embryo rescue media (WPM, 3% sucrose) at 5 °C for 45 days in the dark and then brought out to room temperature under lights (12-h day). After 2 to 4 weeks the embryos were rated for germination, size, and root number. Embryo perforation treatment resulted in larger embryos but not in better germination than the smaller unperforated embryos. Among the embryos cultured without perforation, the addition of vitamins and hormones caused the production of plants with more roots and shoots but not necessarily with better survival. Both levels of sucrose worked reasonable well. As the time of in ovule treatment increased, embryo growth and plant survival was enhanced.

scholarly journals Proper Nacl Alleviates Osmotic Stress in Lycium Ruthenicum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hu ◽  
Xiaoke Hu ◽  
Huiwen Zhang ◽  
Qiushi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lycium Ruthenicum

Abstract Lycium ruthenicum is a salt-accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies showed that a certain amount of NaCl resulted in promoting plant growth. To investigate the mechanism of Na+ to plant growth and the effect of drought stress, the growth, photosynthesis, water status and K+, Na+ transport related genes were subjected to different NaCl treatments and osmotic stress in the presence or absence of additional NaCl were assessed. Compared to the control, 50 mM NaCl strongly boosted the fresh weight, dry weight and relative growth rate of L. ruthenicum, and significantly increased the concentration of Na+, the K+ concentration in roots and stems remained stable, while which in leaves increased significantly. Furthermore, the addition of 50 mM NaCl sharply up-regulated the expression of LrSOS1 in roots, LrNHX and LrVP1 in leaves, LrHKT1 down-regulated in roots, it’s the reason why a high quantity of Na+ was accumulated in leaves under 50 mM NaCl. LrAKT1 up-regulated in roots, LrSKOR decreased first and then increased in roots, whereas LrSKOR in leaves remained stable and slightly up-regulated, thereby absorb a large amount of K+ by LrAKT1 and transport it to the leaf through LrSKOR. Moreover, external NaCl apparently alleviated the inhibition of osmotic stress in plant growth. Compared with the drought treatment, the addition of 50 mM NaCl significantly increased the Na+ and K+ content in roots, stems and leaves of L. ruthenicum, resulted in a decrease in proline content and no significant change in soluble sugar content, it is speculated that NaCl treatment could significantly improve the Na+, K+ concentration, thus enhance the osmotic regulation ability of plants, and then improve the photosynthesis and water status of L. ruthenicum.

EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: II. COMPOSITION AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAIN AND FLOUR

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. McCalla ◽  
R. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Before And After

The increase in dry weight of wheat kernels after flowering accelerated slightly for 14 days, was steady for 10 days, then fell off gradually to zero in about 14 days more, when the kernels weighed 32 gm. per 1,000. At this stage they contained 58 to 60% dry matter, a critical point marking the practically complete cessation of chemical changes.The weight of nitrogen increased steadily to about 1 gm. per 1,000 kernels at the critical stage. Respiration losses of carbon, before and after harvest, appear to account largely for the changes in the percentage nitrogen in the kernels. The ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous material moved into the endosperm seems to have been nearly constant throughout the main developmental period.Ammonia nitrogen first increased to a maximum of 4.8 mg. per 1,000 kernels, then decreased to negligible proportions at the critical stage Salt-soluble nitrogen in fresh kernels decreased from an initial value of 75% of the total nitrogen to 22% at the critical stage, when a little more than one-third of it was non-protein. Drying the kernels before analysis changed the percentage composition, owing to respiration and synthesis, by an amount varying with rate and conditions of drying.Frost had no effect on the ash content of the kernels. Four degrees of frost (28° F.) had no effect on the per cent total, salt-soluble or non-protein nitrogen, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees, in cuttings before the critical stage, in both the gram and the flour milled from it reduced the per cent total nitrogen an effect ascribed to slowing up of respiration, and increased the per cent of the fractions, ascribed to checking of synthesisYields of washed gluten from the control samples were about the same at all stages, but physical properties did not attain maximum quality before the critical stage. Four degrees of frost did not affect yield, but reduced quality in cuttings before the critical stage. More severe frost reduced both yield and quality in immature samples, the effect of the heaviest frost on quality persisting to full maturityBoth reducing and invert sugar percentages declined m early stages of development. Frost did not affect invert sugar content, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees increased reducing sugars in flours from grain cut before the critical stage. This is ascribed partly to increased enzyme activity, as indicated by greater maltose production, and partly to slowing of respiration by frost injury. Gain in kernel weight by translocation after cutting took place in immature check samples but not in heavily frozen samples. Respiration losses in the stook were calculated to be about twice as great from the checks as from the heavily frozen samples.

scholarly journals Breaking the Dormancy of Snake’s Head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris L.) In Vitro Bulbs—Part 1: Effect of GA3, GA Inhibitors and Temperature on Fresh Weight, Sprouting and Sugar Content

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1449
Author(s):  
Marija Marković ◽  
Milana Trifunović Momčilov ◽  
Branka Uzelac ◽  
Aleksandar Cingel ◽  
Snežana Milošević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Different Temperatures

Bulbs are the main vegetative reproductive organs of Fritillaria meleagris L. In nature, as well as in vitro, they become dormant and require low temperatures for further growth during the next vegetative period. In the present study, using 10 μM of gibberellic acid (GA3), or gibberellin biosynthesis (GA) inhibitors—ancymidol (A) and paclobutrazol (P)—the dynamic changes in soluble sugars, fructose and glucose content, fresh weight and sprouting capacity were investigated. F. meleagris bulbs were cultured on medium with GA3 and GA inhibitors for 1, 2 and 5 weeks at two different temperatures (24 and 7 °C). GA3 improved bulb fresh weight, as well as sprouting percentage at both tested temperatures, compared to the control. The highest fresh weight increase (57.7%) and sprouting rate (29.02%) were achieved when bulbs were grown at 24 °C for 5 weeks. In addition, soluble sugar content was the highest in bulbs grown for 5 weeks on medium supplemented with GA3. The main sugar in fritillary bulbs was glucose, while fructose content was lower. The sensitivity of bulbs to GA inhibitors differed and significantly affected sugar content in bulbs. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the sugar composition in F. meleagris bulbs during breaking of the bulb’s dormancy and its sprouting.

scholarly journals Analysis of Environmental Conditions Effect in the Phytochemical Composition of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Samaniego ◽  
Susana Espin ◽  
Xavier Cuesta ◽  
Verónica Arias ◽  
Armando Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Phytochemical Components ◽  
Selection Of

Crop productivity and food quality are affected by environmental conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the environment on the concentration of phytochemical components in several potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars. The content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA), the total carotenoids content (TCC), the total polyphenols content (TPC), and the total anthocyanins content (TAC) of 11 potatoes varieties grown in Ecuador (Cutuglahua, Pujilí, and Pilahuín) was measured by the spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of potato cultivars was evaluated by the ABTS method. The AA concentration ranged between 12.67 to 39.49 mg/100g fresh weight (FW), the TCC ranged between 50.00 and 1043.50 μg/100g FW, the TPC ranged between 0.41 and 3.25 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/kg dry weight (DW), the TAC ranged between 2.74 and 172.53 μg/g FW and finally the AC ranged between 36.80 and 789.19 μg of trolox equivalents (TE)/g FW. Genotypes (G), location (L), and interaction (G x L) were significant at p < 0.01. The genotype (G) showed a greater variation in the phytochemical contents. AA and TPC showed the highest correlation with the AC. A selection of genotypes with these characteristics can be used to develop germplasms with a high AC.

scholarly journals Lodging markedly reduced the biomass of sweet sorghum via decreasing photosynthesis in saline-alkali field

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 02016
Author(s):  
Jian Rong Guo ◽  
Hai Fan ◽  
Bao Shan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Growth Characters

Lodging is a serious problem in plant growth, especially in crops growth of the natural habitat. In order to determine the influence of lodging on the growth characters of sweet sorghum, plants grown in natural saline-alkali environment were used to investigate the fresh weight, dry weight, sugar content in the stalks and the photosynthesis index of salt tolerant crop sweet sorghum. Results showed that lodging significantly reduced the growth of sweet sorghum, the fresh weight and dry weight was only 28.3% and 22.5% of the normal plants when lodging occurred after 49 days. Lodging also reduced the stalks sugar content of sweet sorghum, the stalk sugar content of lodged plants was only 45.4% of that in the normal plants, when lodging occurred for 49 days. Lodging reduced the growth and sugar content by reducing the photosynthesis parameters of sweet sorghum grown in the saline-alkali field, thus, affected the accumulation of photosynthate. Interestingly, with the extension of the lodging time, lodging led to a decrease in photosynthetic rate of sweet sorghum mainly due to non-stomatal factors.

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