Relationship Between Grain Nitrogen, Non-Protein Nitrogen and Nucleic Acids During Wheat Grain Development

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Eight wheat varieties which normally produce grain of different final percentage nitrogen content were grown under field and glasshouse conditions. The final percentage grain nitrogen of the field grown varieties ranked in the expected order; however, total nitrogen/grain, DNAIgrain, RNA/grain and non-protein nitrogen/grain during grain development differed between varieties. DNA/grain reached a maximum value in all varieties between 21 and 28 days post- anthesis, suggesting a longer period of cell division than previously reported. There was no apparent relationship between final percentage grain nitrogen and either DNA, total grain RNA or the concentration of grain amino acids during development. Heads from glasshouse grown wheat were detached at 8 days postanthesis and grown in liquid culture under conditions where the nitrogen concentration of the culture medium was varied. Fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain, RNA/grain and total grain nitrogen all increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the culture medium, but grain dry weight remained constant at the different nitrogen concentrations. The changes in fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain and RNA/grain were not the same for all varieties. A possible relationship between total grain nitrogen and DNA/grain and RNA/grain during seed development exists for heads grown in culture for individual varieties. This apparent relationship for individual varieties cannot be used to explain intervarietal differences in total grain nitrogen because in some cases different varieties grown under identical culture conditions, although producing grain of equivalent total nitrogen, had widely differing levels of both DNA and RNA per grain.

Effect of Nitrogen Source on Grain Development in Detached Wheat Heads in Liquid Culture

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Donovan ◽  
JW Lee
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Detached wheat heads (8 days post anthesis) were grown in liquid culture using media containing various nitrogen sources at different concentrations. Grain development in terms of dry weight, nitrogen, starch and protein were equivalent whether the nitrogen was supplied as either a complete spectrum of amino acids or as glutamine, asparagine or ammonium nitrate. Where the concentration of nitrogen in the culture medium was varied while maintaining the sucrose concentration constant, no variations were observed in the rate of grain dry weight or starch accumulation. Nitrogen per grain and percentage grain nitrogen increased with increasing concentrations of nitrogen in the culture medium. Percentage grain nitrogen was higher in the 'high protein' cultivar Timgalen than in the 'low protein' cultivar WW 15 at equivalent nitrogen concentrations in the culture medium, but differences in percentage proteins were only small.

scholarly journals Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 706-714
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Naveed Iqbal Raja ◽  
Bilal Javed ◽  
Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani ◽  
Mubashir Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Selenium Nanoparticles ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

AbstractThe present study was aimed to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and assess their foliar applications to improve the growth of wheat plants under controlled irrigation and drought stress. Bud aqueous extract of Allium sativum L. was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent of SeNPs followed by their optical and morphological characterization by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Various concentrations of SeNPs (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) were applied exogenously to drought-tolerant (V1) and drought-susceptible (V2) wheat varieties at the trifoliate stage. Under the positive control conditions, plants were irrigated with 450 mL of water/pot (100% field capacity); and under water-deficit environment, plants were irrigated with 160 mL of water/pot (35% field capacity). Remarkable increase in plant height, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, and leaf length has been observed when 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was used. However, the plant morphological parameters decreased gradually at higher concentrations (40 mg/L) in both selected wheat varieties. Therefore, 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was found most preferable to enhance the growth of selected wheat varieties under normal and water-deficient conditions.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

scholarly journals Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
HS Mckee ◽  
RN Robertson ◽  
JB Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Respiration Rates

Pea fruits from two crops were sampled at different times from flowering. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, starch, soluble carbohydrate, protein nitrogen, and soluble nitrogen in both seeds and hulls were followed in two seasons and related Jo the changes in cell volume in the seeds. In one season respiration rates and phosphate, pectin, and ascorbic acid contents were also investigated. The seeds gained more carbohydrate and nitrogen than was lost by the hulls. Starch and protein were synthesized rapidly by the seeds. The increase in starch content in the seeds was followed by a decrease in soluble carbohydrate content, after which the seed ceased to accumulate water. These metabolic changes are discussed in the light of recent biochemical knowledge, and in relation to more detailed biochemical investigations in progress.

scholarly journals Vitrification of Crabapple, Pear, and Geum on Gellan Gum-solidified Culture Medium

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1648-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Turner ◽  
Suman Singha
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Gellan Gum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Malus Baccata

Shoots of `Almey' crabapple [Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. × M. pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Schneid.], `Seckel' pear (Pyrus communis L.), and `Mrs. Bradshaw' geum (Geum quellyon Sweet.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 8.8 μm BA and containing 0.1% to 0.4% Gelrite. Comparative shoot proliferation and vitrification were determined on Phytagar-solidified medium. Shoot proliferation, culture fresh weight, and vitrification declined in crabapple and geum with increasing Gelrite concentration. Pear proliferation and fresh weight increased with increasing Gelrite levels, but all shoots were vitrified. There were differences in the vitrification response between pear and the other two genera. The percent dry weight of vitrified cultures on Gelrite-containing media was generally higher than that of nonvitrified cultures on medium containing Phytagar. Vitrification precludes using low Gelrite concentrations for propagating these plants. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA).

scholarly journals Distribution of Growth and Enzyme Activity in the Developing Grain of Wheat

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHGC Rijven ◽  
R Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Fresh Weight

Ears of field-grown wheat were harvested on 12 occasions between anthesis and ripeness. Fresh weight, dry weight, and total nitrogen content of selected grains were determined.

scholarly journals Cytogenotoxic effects of nitrogen on hydroponic lettuce

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcione da Silva Arruda ◽  
Wesley Costa Silva ◽  
Roberta Camargos de Oliveira ◽  
Ernane Miranda Lemes ◽  
Gabriela da Silva Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Nitrogen accumulation in hydroponically-grown lettuce may pose a health risk to consumers. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze different concentrations of nitrogen applications in hydroponic lettuce cultivation and their effect on toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. A nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system was used to grow the lettuce variety “Vanda.” The treatments consisted of different concentrations of nitrogen (in the form of calcium nitrate) in Furlani solution (75, 100, 125 and 150%), a negative and a positive control. The following commercial characteristics were measured: plant fresh weight (PFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot diameter (SD), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf nitrogen (LN). Cytogenotoxicity was indicated by toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, which were in turn determined by root length, the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations and the presence of micronuclei.  The nitrogen concentrations used in this experiment did not cause phenotypic toxicity or cytotoxicity in lettuce roots. The most severe genotoxicity was observed at the 125% nitrogen concentration, which nevertheless did not affect commercial characteristics. Although nitrogen fertilization provides great benefits to agriculture, such as greater yields, indiscriminate use should be avoided since concentrations above recommended rates may induce genotoxicity.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root Characteristics of Conventionally Grown Cowpeas and Cowpeas Grown without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 687b-687
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Judith L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Input Sample

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma in 1993 and 1994. Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were grown using either non-inoculated seed and 23 kg·ha–1 of preplant nitrogen fertilizer (conventional) or inoculated seed and no preplant nitrogen fertilizer (reduced input). Sample plants were excavated at first pod set and analyzed for nodulation and root morphology. Additional plants were excavated at the green-shell stage and were analyzed for nitrogen concentration. Conventional and reduced input cowpeas did not differ in nodule distribution among root morphological components, total nodule fresh weight, total root dry weight, or nitrogen concentration. Most nodules generally were located on the basal and lateral roots. Results indicate that cowpea root characteristics are not necessarily altered by differing cultural systems at a given location.

scholarly journals CONTENT OF TOTAL NITROGEN AND PROTEINS FROM ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) COLLECTED IN THREE SLOPES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-640
Author(s):  
Valentina Butleska Gjoroska ◽  
Liljana Koleva Gudeva ◽  
Lenka Cvetanovska
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves and stems contain different proteins and nitrogen concentration in different stages of growth. The objective of this study is to determine the dynamic of nutrient accumulation of total nitrogen and proteins in leaves and stems. The experiment was conducted in three slopes, on three regions in the Republic of North Macedonia (Tetovo, Skopje and Ovche Pole). Chemical analysis of total nitrogen and proteins were obtained from first, second and third slope. Modern techniques have been used for analyzing the protein activity of plant material in multiple measuring points. Significant differences are found in the production of total nitrogen and proteins between the locations in Tetovo region on one side, and Skopje and Ovche Pole on the other side. It shows that Tetovo region has better conditions for producing alfalfa protein. Alfalfa is a culture that is rich in high nitrogen and protein content in the Tetovo region, which is correlated with the amino acid composition, resulting in a high biological value. Therefore, alfalfa is the dominant forage crop and active diet culture with high applicability to the bio-diet. Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in plants and other organisms. Protein macromolecules make up half of the dry matter in the plant cell. The plant cell contains many different proteins with a specific function. Proteins contain the most important property - biological specificity, so the individuality of each organism is conditioned by the type of protein it is made of. Proteins have a specific structure that is found in their biological activity. Proteins are the most important components in the plant cell. Nitrogen is one of the many compounds important for plant life processes and its role in physiological processes in plants is quite large. The needs of certain plants for nitrogen are different. Nitrogen in plants is important in the composition of proteins, nucleic acids, coenzymes, alkaloids, some pigments and other compounds. Accordingly, the nitrogen in plants exists as non-protein and protein nitrogen, found in the protein component. It can only enter the plant cell if it is reduced to ammonia. This scientific research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the nitrogen and protein composition of alfalfa grown in the Skopje, Tetovo and Ovche Pole region. The results of this research, represent the first full and complete overview of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with its protein composition, which would be of great importance for the further cultivation of this forage crop. Scientific evidence has shown that the Tetovo region has a higher advantage over the Skopje and Ovche Pole region in terms of nitrogen and protein content, which are crucial nutrients in forage crops.

EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: II. COMPOSITION AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAIN AND FLOUR

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. McCalla ◽  
R. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Before And After

The increase in dry weight of wheat kernels after flowering accelerated slightly for 14 days, was steady for 10 days, then fell off gradually to zero in about 14 days more, when the kernels weighed 32 gm. per 1,000. At this stage they contained 58 to 60% dry matter, a critical point marking the practically complete cessation of chemical changes.The weight of nitrogen increased steadily to about 1 gm. per 1,000 kernels at the critical stage. Respiration losses of carbon, before and after harvest, appear to account largely for the changes in the percentage nitrogen in the kernels. The ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous material moved into the endosperm seems to have been nearly constant throughout the main developmental period.Ammonia nitrogen first increased to a maximum of 4.8 mg. per 1,000 kernels, then decreased to negligible proportions at the critical stage Salt-soluble nitrogen in fresh kernels decreased from an initial value of 75% of the total nitrogen to 22% at the critical stage, when a little more than one-third of it was non-protein. Drying the kernels before analysis changed the percentage composition, owing to respiration and synthesis, by an amount varying with rate and conditions of drying.Frost had no effect on the ash content of the kernels. Four degrees of frost (28° F.) had no effect on the per cent total, salt-soluble or non-protein nitrogen, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees, in cuttings before the critical stage, in both the gram and the flour milled from it reduced the per cent total nitrogen an effect ascribed to slowing up of respiration, and increased the per cent of the fractions, ascribed to checking of synthesisYields of washed gluten from the control samples were about the same at all stages, but physical properties did not attain maximum quality before the critical stage. Four degrees of frost did not affect yield, but reduced quality in cuttings before the critical stage. More severe frost reduced both yield and quality in immature samples, the effect of the heaviest frost on quality persisting to full maturityBoth reducing and invert sugar percentages declined m early stages of development. Frost did not affect invert sugar content, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees increased reducing sugars in flours from grain cut before the critical stage. This is ascribed partly to increased enzyme activity, as indicated by greater maltose production, and partly to slowing of respiration by frost injury. Gain in kernel weight by translocation after cutting took place in immature check samples but not in heavily frozen samples. Respiration losses in the stook were calculated to be about twice as great from the checks as from the heavily frozen samples.

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