Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. VI. The tolerance of wethers in pens for drinking waters of the types obtained from underground sources in Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Saline Solutions

Seven groups, each of six wether sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays and were offered various solutions as drinking waters. These comprised: (1) rain-water (control group); (2) 1.30% sodium chloride; (3) and (4) synthetic waters containing salts in the proportions found in many underground waters in South and Western Australia (referred to in this paper as "chloride waters"), with total concentrations of 0.65 and 1.30% respectively; (5) and (6) synthetic waters resembling those obtained in Queensland from the Great Artesian Basin ("bicarbonate waters"), with total salt concentrations of 0.20 and 0.50% respectively; and (7) sea-water diluted with rain-water to a total salt concentration of 1.30%The intake of all saline solutions, except that of the bicarbonate water with a concentration of 0.20% salts, was higher than that of rain-water, the increases ranging from 80% for 1.30% sodium chloride to 15% for the more concentrated bicarbonate water. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40-90 % higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Compared with the control group a significant decrease in wool production was observed only in the group receiving bicarbonate water with 0.50% total salts. These sheep also produced significantly less wool, for at least a portion of the experiment, than did those receiving the other synthetic mixtures of salts.The concentrations of potassium, calcium, and chloride in the blood plasma were not affected by the saline drinking waters. The concentrations of sodium at times were higher in the plasma of the control group and lower in the plasma of group 2 (1.30% sodium chloride) than in that of the remaining groups. Magnesium concentrations at times were higher in group 7 (diluted sea-water) and lower in group 2 than in the remaining groups. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or weight increase.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: 1.22 + 0.10 , 1.14 + 0.20, 1.05 + 0.30, and 0.89 + 0.50 per cent. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride alone, or 0.10 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate with sodium chloride, was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake was increased still further with 0.20 and 0.30 per cent. sodium sulphate; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.3, 3.8, 3, 6, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.71. respectively. The intake also increased in ell groups with temperature, being 30-60 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Sulphate, however, was significantly higher, throughout a considerable portion of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received either 0.30 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate. None of the saline solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. IV. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the drinking water

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and calcium chlorides: 1.24 + 0.05, 1.19 + 0.10, l.09 + 0.20, and 0.98 + 0.30%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 100% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 20% above for 0.30% calcium chloride; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.4, 3.8, and 3.11, respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 45–60% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma, but did result, for a considerable portion of the experiment, in lower concentrations of sodium and higher concentrations of calcium in the plasma as compared with the concentrations of these electrolytes in the plasma of sheep drinking rain-water. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

The experience of using saline solutions for the treatment of recurrent rhinosinusitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
S. Schetinin ◽  
A. Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Solution ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Saline Solutions

The article presents results of the study on efficiency and safety of topical application of weak hypertonic saline solution in complex therapy of patients with recurrent rhinosinusitis. In order to achieve the objective of the study, 2 groups were formed: 1 group consisted of 45 patients, the complex treatment of which included solution of hypertonic saline, group 2 (control) consisted of 39 patients. The obtained data show that weak hypertonic solution of sea water allows reducing the length of treatment, reducing the number of recurrences of rhinosinusitis, restoring the functional metabolic status of cells of innate immunity in mucous membrane of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Analysis of the obtained results makes it possible to recommend hypertonic saline solution for inclusion in the complex of therapeutic measures in case of recurrent rhinosinusitis.

scholarly journals Possibility of partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride and ammonium chloride in chicken ćevapčići (kebabs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 854 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
B Borovic ◽  
S Lilic ◽  
J Milijasevic ◽  
T Baltic ◽  
J Jovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of reducing sodium chloride content in chicken ćevapčići (kebabs) by partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride and ammonium chloride, with the target of achieving the optimal salty taste. The trial consisted of five groups. In the control group of chicken ćevapčići, only sodium chloride was added. In group 1, one third of sodium chloride was replaced with potassium chloride; in group 2 one half of the sodium chloride was replaced with potassium chloride; in group 3, one third of sodium chloride was replaced with ammonium chloride. In group 4, sodium chloride was half reduced and one quarter of ammonium chloride in the relation to control group was added. Sensory evaluation was performed by ten trained assessors using numeric scales. Evaluations of colour acceptability and consistency showed there were no statistical differences (P>0.05) between the ćevapčići. The most expressed saltiness was evaluated in the control ćevapčići group due to it having the largest amount of added sodium chloride, as well in group 3 ćevapčići, wherein one third of the sodium chloride was replaced with ammonium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. VIII. The tolerance of grazing ewes and their lambs for drinking waters of the types obtained from underground sources in Australia

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Chloride Water ◽  
Synthetic Water

Groups of 50–60 ewes grazing sown pastures near Adelaide, S.A., were offered various solutions as drinking waters. In two experiments these comprised: (1) reservoir water (control group); (2) synthetic water containing salts in the proportions found in many underground waters in South and Western Australia ("chloride water") with a total salt concentration of 1.30%; (3) synthetic water resembling the waters obtained in Queensland from the Great Artesian Basin ('bicarbonate water') with a total salt concentration of 0.50%. In a third experiment one group received reservoir water and another group received a chloride water containing I .00% total salts. The ewes were mated, they lambed, and they reared their lambs in the paddocks while receiving the various waters. In at least one experiment, pregnant ewes, lactating ewes, and weaned lambs received the saline waters during the months of high environmental temperatures, with associated high water intakes. The chloride water with a total salt concentration of 1.30% led to a reduction in the percentage of ewes that lambed in one experiment, but not in the other. It also led to decreased body weight gains of the lambs in both experiments, and in addition to diarrhoea and increased mortality in one experiment. Chloride water with 1.00% total salts led to decreased body weight gains and reduced wool production, without apparently adversely affecting the health of the lambs. Bicarbonate water with a total salt content of 0.50% had no adverse effect on the lambs in either experiment, but in one of these experiments it did lead to a reduction in the percentage of ewes that lambed. The implications of the findings in relation to the use of saline drinking waters under field conditions are discussed.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. II. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in the drinking water

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Seven groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 16 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and magnesium chlorides : 1.27 + 0.02, 1.24 + 0.05, 1.18 + 0.10, 1.05 + 0.20, and 0.69 + 0.50 per cent. Many of the animals refused to eat or drink satisfactorily when the saline waters were first offered. If, however, the concentrations were increased gradually over a period of 3 weeks to the desired levels, satisfactory performance by most animals was obtained. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake increased with increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride up to 0.10 per cent.; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the seven groups were 2.3, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 4.3, and 3.5 1. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 60-100 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. A concentration of 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, and concentrations of up to 0.10 per cent,. magnesium chloride with 1.2 to 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, had no adverse effect on the sheep, but 0.20 or 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride (with 1.05 and 0.69 per cent. sodium chloride respectively) was detrimental to some of the sheep. The principal effect was a reduction in food consumption. The only other obvious sign in these last two groups was an occasional diarrhoea; this was more frequent on the higher concentration of magnesium chloride. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Magnesium, however, was significantly higher, throughout most of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride.

scholarly journals Differential effects of sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate on kidney of adult and aging mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Celestino ◽  
Valeria Balmaceda Valdez ◽  
Paola Brun ◽  
Ignazio Castagliuolo ◽  
Carla Mucignat-Caretta
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Kidney Functions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Old Mice

AbstractMonosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used as flavour enhancer, with potential beneficial effects due to its nutritional value. Given the decline in kidney functions during aging, we investigated the impact of MSG voluntary intake on the kidney of male mice, aged 6 or 18 months. For 2 months, they freely consumed water (control group), sodium chloride (0.3% NaCl) or MSG (1% MSG) in addition to standard diet. Young animals consuming sodium chloride presented signs of proteinuria, hyperfiltration, enhanced expression and excretion of Aquaporin 2 and initial degenerative reactions suggestive of fibrosis, while MSG-consuming mice were similar to controls. In old mice, aging-related effects including proteinuria and increased renal corpuscle volume were observed in all groups. At an advanced age, MSG caused no adverse effects on the kidney compared to controls, despite the presence of a sodium moiety, similar to sodium chloride. These data show that prolonged MSG intake in mice has less impact on kidney compared to sodium chloride, that already in young animals induced some effects on kidney, possibly related to hypertension.

scholarly journals Effect of Minocycline on the Durability of Dentin Bonding Produced with Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Loguercio ◽  
R Stanislawczuk ◽  
P Malaquias ◽  
MF Gutierrez ◽  
J Bauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Silver Nitrate Solution ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Bond ◽  
Water Control ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Etch And Rinse ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Scanning Electron

SUMMARY Objectives: To evaluate the effect of minocycline and chlorhexidine pretreatment of acid-etched dentin on the longevity of resin-dentin bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives. Methods: Before application of Prime & Bond NT and Adper Single Bond 2 in occlusal dentin, the dentin surfaces were treated with 37% phosphoric acid, rinsed, air-dried, and rewetted with water (control group), 2% minocycline, or 2% chlorexidine digluconate. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally, and specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (0.8 mm2) to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) immediately or after 24 months of water storage. For nanoleakage, two specimens of each tooth/period were immersed in the silver nitrate solution, photo-developed, and polished with SiC paper for analysis under energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy/scanning electron microscopy. Results: Reductions of the μTBS and increases in the nanoleakage were observed for both adhesives when the rewetting procedure was performed with water. Stable bonds were observed for the 2% minocycline and 2% chlorexidine digluconate groups after 24 months. Conclusions: The use of 2% minocycline as pretreatment of acid-etched dentin is one alternative to retard the degradation of resin-dentin interfaces over a 24-month period as well as 2% chlorexidine digluconate.

scholarly journals The metabolic disorders associated with chronic consumption of soft and energy drinks in rats*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba M. Eltahir ◽  
Ghadi Alamri ◽  
Asmaa Alamri ◽  
Asmaa Aloufi ◽  
Maiiada Nazmy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Group 2

Background: Energy Drinks (EDs) and Soft Drinks (SDs) are widely consumed among adolescents and young adults. These drinks contain variable amounts of caffeine which is a central nervous system stimulator; in addition to sugar, taurine, vitamins and herbal extracts. Several adverse effects have been reported for the excessive consumption of caffeine and sugar. Aim: This work aimed at providing a comparison between the effect of chronic consumption of both drinks on metabolism biochemically as well as at the histopathological level. Methods: Adult albino rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated for 4 weeks. Animals received water (control, group 1), 12.5 ml/kg/day of either Pepsi® (SD, group 2) or Power Horse® (ED, group 3). All animals had free access to water and standard animal chow. Results: ED and SD groups showed a significant weight gain compared to control. ED animals showed a significant increase in serum urea, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in comparison to control and SD groups. Serum uric acid significantly increased in ED and SD groups. ED group showed congestion and inflammation in their renal tissues in addition to splenomegaly and increased phagocyte infiltration. Conclusion: The high caffeine-sugar content in ED exerts a more significant influence on the metabolic pathways than SDs. Both increase the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and tissue inflammation due to their effect on lipid profile and blood glucose. The other ingredients in EDs may play a role in the observed metabolic disturbances. Chronic use of EDs should be especially discouraged to avoid these negative effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document