Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: 1.22 + 0.10 , 1.14 + 0.20, 1.05 + 0.30, and 0.89 + 0.50 per cent. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride alone, or 0.10 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate with sodium chloride, was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake was increased still further with 0.20 and 0.30 per cent. sodium sulphate; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.3, 3.8, 3, 6, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.71. respectively. The intake also increased in ell groups with temperature, being 30-60 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Sulphate, however, was significantly higher, throughout a considerable portion of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received either 0.30 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate. None of the saline solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. IV. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the drinking water

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and calcium chlorides: 1.24 + 0.05, 1.19 + 0.10, l.09 + 0.20, and 0.98 + 0.30%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 100% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 20% above for 0.30% calcium chloride; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.4, 3.8, and 3.11, respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 45–60% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma, but did result, for a considerable portion of the experiment, in lower concentrations of sodium and higher concentrations of calcium in the plasma as compared with the concentrations of these electrolytes in the plasma of sheep drinking rain-water. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. VI. The tolerance of wethers in pens for drinking waters of the types obtained from underground sources in Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Saline Solutions

Seven groups, each of six wether sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays and were offered various solutions as drinking waters. These comprised: (1) rain-water (control group); (2) 1.30% sodium chloride; (3) and (4) synthetic waters containing salts in the proportions found in many underground waters in South and Western Australia (referred to in this paper as "chloride waters"), with total concentrations of 0.65 and 1.30% respectively; (5) and (6) synthetic waters resembling those obtained in Queensland from the Great Artesian Basin ("bicarbonate waters"), with total salt concentrations of 0.20 and 0.50% respectively; and (7) sea-water diluted with rain-water to a total salt concentration of 1.30%The intake of all saline solutions, except that of the bicarbonate water with a concentration of 0.20% salts, was higher than that of rain-water, the increases ranging from 80% for 1.30% sodium chloride to 15% for the more concentrated bicarbonate water. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40-90 % higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Compared with the control group a significant decrease in wool production was observed only in the group receiving bicarbonate water with 0.50% total salts. These sheep also produced significantly less wool, for at least a portion of the experiment, than did those receiving the other synthetic mixtures of salts.The concentrations of potassium, calcium, and chloride in the blood plasma were not affected by the saline drinking waters. The concentrations of sodium at times were higher in the plasma of the control group and lower in the plasma of group 2 (1.30% sodium chloride) than in that of the remaining groups. Magnesium concentrations at times were higher in group 7 (diluted sea-water) and lower in group 2 than in the remaining groups. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or weight increase.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. II. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in the drinking water

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Seven groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 16 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and magnesium chlorides : 1.27 + 0.02, 1.24 + 0.05, 1.18 + 0.10, 1.05 + 0.20, and 0.69 + 0.50 per cent. Many of the animals refused to eat or drink satisfactorily when the saline waters were first offered. If, however, the concentrations were increased gradually over a period of 3 weeks to the desired levels, satisfactory performance by most animals was obtained. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake increased with increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride up to 0.10 per cent.; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the seven groups were 2.3, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 4.3, and 3.5 1. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 60-100 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. A concentration of 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, and concentrations of up to 0.10 per cent,. magnesium chloride with 1.2 to 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, had no adverse effect on the sheep, but 0.20 or 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride (with 1.05 and 0.69 per cent. sodium chloride respectively) was detrimental to some of the sheep. The principal effect was a reduction in food consumption. The only other obvious sign in these last two groups was an occasional diarrhoea; this was more frequent on the higher concentration of magnesium chloride. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Magnesium, however, was significantly higher, throughout most of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride.

scholarly journals Action of dissolved substances upon the autofermentation of yeast

1912 ◽  
Vol 84 (574) ◽  
pp. 448-459 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Reserve Material ◽  
Interstitial Liquid ◽  
Small Hand ◽  
Molar Solution

During experiments upon the permeability of the yeast-cell it was found that, when yeast was immersed in a molar solution of sodium chloride, and allowed to stand at air temperature, the amount of gas produced by autofermentation was considerably greater than that given by a water control. The production of carbon dioxide by autofermentation of yeast is brought about by the action of at least two enzymes. The reserve material of the cell, for the most part glycogen, is first converted by a glycogenase into a sugar, which in turn is fermented by zymase with the production of alcohol and carbon dioxide. As the rate of autofermentation is considerably less than that produced by the same yeast in presence of excess of sugar, it follows that the rate of autofermentation is controlled by the rate of production of sugar within the cell, in other words, by the rate of action of the glycogenase. An increase in the rate of autofermentation, therefore, indicates greater activity of this enzyme within the cell. In order to investigate the action of solutions of various salts upon the rate of autofermentation of yeast, this was ascertained by measuring the volume of carbon dioxide evolved during successive intervals of time by means of the apparatus described by Harden, Thompson, and Young (1). The yeast employed was prepared from top-yeast as obtained from the brewery by pressing out the wort in a small hand press, it having been demonstrated (2) that practically the whole of the interstitial liquid can be removed in this way. A certain weight of such pressed yeast was carefully weighed into each of the fermentation flasks, and treated with a certain volume of the various liquids under experiment, controls being made with water. The liquids were saturated with carbon dioxide at 25°, the temperature of the water-bath.

EFFECT OF DIETARY EDTA ON THE ABILITY OF CHICKS TO TOLERATE SODIUM CHLORIDE IN THE WATER

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-637
Author(s):  
T. K. J. COWAN ◽  
G. D. PHILLIPS ◽  
D. B. BRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Broiler Chicks

Broiler chicks, allocated in a randomized block design, were fed four diets containing ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% of the diet and drinking water with a high salt concentration (6000 ppm). A control group received tap water and the EDTA-free diet. The addition of 6000 ppm NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on weight gain or feed conversion. Similarly, the inclusion of up to 0.4% EDTA in the feed had no adverse effect on weight gain. Analyses of packed-cell volume (PCV) and plasma sodium, chloride and calcium concentrations showed no changes as a result of treatment. Water consumption almost doubled for the chicks subjected to high salt water regimens compared with the control. Two groups of chicks received the EDTA-free diet, and significantly (P < 0.10) higher mortality was found for the group on the salt water compared with the tap water controls. The mortality in the former was also significantly (P < 0.10) higher than for the group receiving 0.2% EDTA in the diet and salt water. The chicks on the 0.4% EDTA diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mortality than control chicks on tap water and those chicks receiving salt water and diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% EDTA. Postmortem examination indicated that ascites and widespread edema were the causes of death in chicks that drank salt water and consumed diets containing no EDTA or 0.4% EDTA. The death of chicks on treatments that resulted in low mortality rates was not attributable to ascites. The reason for the apparent beneficial effect of feeding 0.2% EDTA in the diet in conjunction with the salt water remains open to conjecture.

Studies on fluorosis of sheep. 1. The toxicity of water-borne fluoride for sheep maintained in pens

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Borne

Five groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens on an adequate diet of chaffed hay and crushed grain for 3½ years. One group was given rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium fluoride had been added to give final concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 p.p.m. F. The mean daily intakes of fluoride, expressed as fluorine, by the four experimental groups were approximately 5, 9, 18, and 37 mg. F respectively during the winter months and 7, 13, 27, and 53 mg. F respectively during the summer months. The ingestion of fluoride appeared to have no adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or wool production. The mean weights of all groups were approximately the same throughout the experiment except at the end of 2½ years, when the weight of the group which received water containing 20 p.p.m. F was significantly less, but only at the 5 per cent. level, than that of either the control group or the groups receiving the lowest two intakes of fluoride. Mottling of the incisors and molars was only slight among the sheep which received water containing 5 p.p.m. F. It was more evident in the 10-p.p.m. group and was marked in the 20-p.p.m. group. Selective abrasion of the molars was pronounced in this last group but was also noticeable in the 10-p.p.m. group. Fluoride intake caused the incisors to erupt at an earlier age. Ingestion of fluoride brought about increases of up to twentyfold in the fluoride content of the bones and teeth. The bearing of these results on enzootic dental fluorosis among grazing sheep in Queensland is discussed.

The Use of Junfeng BFS Water (JBW) in Dry Eye Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 236 (04) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Eisenmann ◽  
Yuying Liu ◽  
Giulia Renieri ◽  
Hagen Thieme
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Dry Eye Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Patient Interviews

Abstract Background and Purpose Junfeng BFS Water (JBW) is normal drinking water treated by an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field with certain electromagnetic oscillations. This leads to a change in physical water properties, such as an increase in permittivity and an increase in dissolved oxygen. Animal studies show that JBW has certain biological effects, such as improvement in microcirculation, cell hydration, and blood rheology. In a clinical study, we were able to show an improvement in ocular blood flow after drinking JBW. Since people drinking JBW reported an improvement in dry eye symptoms, we wanted to examine tear film stability by determining the break-up time (BUT) through patient interviews. Methods Sixty patients (120 eyes) were age matched and randomized in a double-blind study using the JBW device, or an identical looking nonworking device, without influence on drinking water (control group). All participants had to drink 2 liters of water per day over a period of 2 months. All study subjects underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including measurement of BUT at day 0, 1 month, and 2 months. At the same time, the patients were interviewed about their eyes, their subjective feelings, and their vision. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SSPS program. Bivariate statistics were performed using the ANOVA test. The level of significance was a = 0.05 Results The increase in BUT was significantly higher in both eyes (a< = 0.01) of the population drinking JBW after 1 and 2 months compared to the control group using untreated water. This result was confirmed in patient interviews. Therefore, patients drinking JBW judged the question “do you have tired eyes?” significantly better (a = 0.04) than the control group after 1 month. Eighty percent of the JBW group continued to drink JBW 6 months after the end of the study, and more than 50% were able to reduce treatment with artificial tears or stop it completely. Conclusions Apart from an improvement in microcirculation, drinking JBW seems to have a positive effect on dry eye syndrome. Mechanisms are still unknown, and improvement in microcirculation of the lacrimal gland should be discussed. If our results can be confirmed in a larger study, and with more sophisticated methods, we see a potential for JBWʼs use as an additive to conventional dry eye therapy.

scholarly journals Differential effects of sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate on kidney of adult and aging mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Celestino ◽  
Valeria Balmaceda Valdez ◽  
Paola Brun ◽  
Ignazio Castagliuolo ◽  
Carla Mucignat-Caretta
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Kidney Functions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Old Mice

AbstractMonosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used as flavour enhancer, with potential beneficial effects due to its nutritional value. Given the decline in kidney functions during aging, we investigated the impact of MSG voluntary intake on the kidney of male mice, aged 6 or 18 months. For 2 months, they freely consumed water (control group), sodium chloride (0.3% NaCl) or MSG (1% MSG) in addition to standard diet. Young animals consuming sodium chloride presented signs of proteinuria, hyperfiltration, enhanced expression and excretion of Aquaporin 2 and initial degenerative reactions suggestive of fibrosis, while MSG-consuming mice were similar to controls. In old mice, aging-related effects including proteinuria and increased renal corpuscle volume were observed in all groups. At an advanced age, MSG caused no adverse effects on the kidney compared to controls, despite the presence of a sodium moiety, similar to sodium chloride. These data show that prolonged MSG intake in mice has less impact on kidney compared to sodium chloride, that already in young animals induced some effects on kidney, possibly related to hypertension.

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