Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. II. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in the drinking water

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Seven groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 16 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and magnesium chlorides : 1.27 + 0.02, 1.24 + 0.05, 1.18 + 0.10, 1.05 + 0.20, and 0.69 + 0.50 per cent. Many of the animals refused to eat or drink satisfactorily when the saline waters were first offered. If, however, the concentrations were increased gradually over a period of 3 weeks to the desired levels, satisfactory performance by most animals was obtained. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake increased with increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride up to 0.10 per cent.; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the seven groups were 2.3, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 4.3, and 3.5 1. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 60-100 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. A concentration of 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, and concentrations of up to 0.10 per cent,. magnesium chloride with 1.2 to 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, had no adverse effect on the sheep, but 0.20 or 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride (with 1.05 and 0.69 per cent. sodium chloride respectively) was detrimental to some of the sheep. The principal effect was a reduction in food consumption. The only other obvious sign in these last two groups was an occasional diarrhoea; this was more frequent on the higher concentration of magnesium chloride. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Magnesium, however, was significantly higher, throughout most of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: 1.22 + 0.10 , 1.14 + 0.20, 1.05 + 0.30, and 0.89 + 0.50 per cent. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride alone, or 0.10 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate with sodium chloride, was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake was increased still further with 0.20 and 0.30 per cent. sodium sulphate; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.3, 3.8, 3, 6, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.71. respectively. The intake also increased in ell groups with temperature, being 30-60 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Sulphate, however, was significantly higher, throughout a considerable portion of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received either 0.30 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate. None of the saline solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. IV. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the drinking water

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and calcium chlorides: 1.24 + 0.05, 1.19 + 0.10, l.09 + 0.20, and 0.98 + 0.30%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 100% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 20% above for 0.30% calcium chloride; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.4, 3.8, and 3.11, respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 45–60% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma, but did result, for a considerable portion of the experiment, in lower concentrations of sodium and higher concentrations of calcium in the plasma as compared with the concentrations of these electrolytes in the plasma of sheep drinking rain-water. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

ABOLITION OF MAGNESIUM-INDUCED HYPOCALCAEMIA BY ACUTE THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE CAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pors Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Isotonic Sodium Chloride ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

ABSTRACT Intravenous infusion of isotonic magnesium chloride into young cats with a resultant mean plasma magnesium concentration of 7.7 meq./100 g protein was followed by a significant lowering of the plasma calcium concentration in 90 minutes. The rate of decrease of plasma calcium is consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin is released by magnesium in high concentrations. There was no decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in cats of the same weight thyroparathyroidectomized 60 min before an identical magnesium chloride infusion or an infusion of isotonic sodium chloride at the same flow rate. The hypercalciuric effect of magnesium could not account for the hypocalcaemic effect of magnesium. Plasma magnesium concentration during magnesium infusion into cats with an intact thyroid-parathyroid gland complex was slightly, but not significantly higher than in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized cats.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. VI. The tolerance of wethers in pens for drinking waters of the types obtained from underground sources in Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Saline Solutions

Seven groups, each of six wether sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays and were offered various solutions as drinking waters. These comprised: (1) rain-water (control group); (2) 1.30% sodium chloride; (3) and (4) synthetic waters containing salts in the proportions found in many underground waters in South and Western Australia (referred to in this paper as "chloride waters"), with total concentrations of 0.65 and 1.30% respectively; (5) and (6) synthetic waters resembling those obtained in Queensland from the Great Artesian Basin ("bicarbonate waters"), with total salt concentrations of 0.20 and 0.50% respectively; and (7) sea-water diluted with rain-water to a total salt concentration of 1.30%The intake of all saline solutions, except that of the bicarbonate water with a concentration of 0.20% salts, was higher than that of rain-water, the increases ranging from 80% for 1.30% sodium chloride to 15% for the more concentrated bicarbonate water. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40-90 % higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Compared with the control group a significant decrease in wool production was observed only in the group receiving bicarbonate water with 0.50% total salts. These sheep also produced significantly less wool, for at least a portion of the experiment, than did those receiving the other synthetic mixtures of salts.The concentrations of potassium, calcium, and chloride in the blood plasma were not affected by the saline drinking waters. The concentrations of sodium at times were higher in the plasma of the control group and lower in the plasma of group 2 (1.30% sodium chloride) than in that of the remaining groups. Magnesium concentrations at times were higher in group 7 (diluted sea-water) and lower in group 2 than in the remaining groups. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or weight increase.

scholarly journals Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6592
Author(s):  
Artur Seweryn ◽  
Tomasz Wasilewski ◽  
Anita Bocho-Janiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Bulk Phase ◽  
Magnesium Salt ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Salt Addition ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Given

The article shows that the type and concentration of inorganic salt can be translated into the structure of the bulk phase and the performance properties of ecological all-purpose cleaners (APC). A base APC formulation was developed. Thereafter, two types of salt (sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) were added at various concentrations to obtain different structures in the bulk phase. The salt addition resulted in the formation of spherical micelles and—upon addition of more electrolyte—of aggregates having a lamellar structure. The formulations had constant viscosities (ab. 500 mPa·s), comparable to those of commercial products. Essential physical-chemical and performance properties of the four formulations varying in salt types and concentrations were evaluated. It was found that the addition of magnesium salt resulted in more favorable characteristics due to the surface activity of the formulations, which translated into adequately high wettability of the investigated hydrophobic surfaces, and their ability to emulsify fat. A decreasing relationship was observed in foaming properties: higher salt concentrations lead to worse foaming properties and foam stability of the solutions. For the magnesium chloride composition, the effect was significantly more pronounced, as compared to the sodium chloride-based formulations. As far as safety of use is concerned, the formulations in which magnesium salt was used caused a much lesser irritation compared with the other investigated formulations. The zein value was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of the given type of salt in the composition.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis Merritt Hartroft ◽  
W. Stanley Hartroft
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Cells ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

Accumulation of granules in the juxtaglomerular cells occurred in rats which were maintained for 5 to 6 weeks on a diet low in sodium, chloride. Cytological evidence suggests that this was probably a storage phase of secretion following a decrease in the rate of liberation of the granules. Administration of DCA (desoxycorticosterone acetate) to salt-deficient rats did not alter this appearance of the juxtaglomerular cells. Two per cent sodium chloride taken in the drinking water consumed for 4 weeks by similar animals caused degranulation of the juxtaglomerular cells. This effect was enhanced by DCA. DCA administered to animals on a normal salt intake produced a lesser degree of degranulation. Cytological changes in degranulated cells suggested that these represent a stage of hyperactivity in the secretory cycle produced by an increase in the rate of liberation of granules. A hypothesis is suggested that the juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the hormonal regulation of sodium metabolism and/or blood pressure.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE FEEDING TO THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Herbert I. Goldman ◽  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Hedda Acs ◽  
Eli Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred four healthy premature infants, of birth weight 1,000 to 1,800 gm, were fed one of five feedings: (1) human milk; (2) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride; (3) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride and 18 meq/l of potassium chloride; (4) a half-skimmed cows milk formula; and (5) a partially-skimmed vegetable oil, cows milk formula. The infants fed any of the three human milk formulas gained weight at a slower rate than the infants fed either of the two cows milk formulas. Infants whose diets were changed from unmodified human milk to the half-skimmed cows milk gained large amounts of weight, and at times were visibly edematous. Infants whose diets were changed from the human milks with added sodium chloride, to the half-skimmed cows milk, gained lesser amounts of weight and did not become edematous. The infants fed the two cows milk diets gained similar amounts of weight, although one diet provided 6.5 gm/kg/day, the other 3.1 gm/kg/day of protein.

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