Studies on salt tolerance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: 1.22 + 0.10 , 1.14 + 0.20, 1.05 + 0.30, and 0.89 + 0.50 per cent. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride alone, or 0.10 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate with sodium chloride, was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake was increased still further with 0.20 and 0.30 per cent. sodium sulphate; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.3, 3.8, 3, 6, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.71. respectively. The intake also increased in ell groups with temperature, being 30-60 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Sulphate, however, was significantly higher, throughout a considerable portion of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received either 0.30 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate. None of the saline solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. IV. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the drinking water

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and calcium chlorides: 1.24 + 0.05, 1.19 + 0.10, l.09 + 0.20, and 0.98 + 0.30%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 100% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 20% above for 0.30% calcium chloride; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.4, 3.8, and 3.11, respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 45–60% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma, but did result, for a considerable portion of the experiment, in lower concentrations of sodium and higher concentrations of calcium in the plasma as compared with the concentrations of these electrolytes in the plasma of sheep drinking rain-water. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. II. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in the drinking water

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Seven groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 16 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and magnesium chlorides : 1.27 + 0.02, 1.24 + 0.05, 1.18 + 0.10, 1.05 + 0.20, and 0.69 + 0.50 per cent. Many of the animals refused to eat or drink satisfactorily when the saline waters were first offered. If, however, the concentrations were increased gradually over a period of 3 weeks to the desired levels, satisfactory performance by most animals was obtained. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake increased with increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride up to 0.10 per cent.; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the seven groups were 2.3, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 4.3, and 3.5 1. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 60-100 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. A concentration of 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, and concentrations of up to 0.10 per cent,. magnesium chloride with 1.2 to 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, had no adverse effect on the sheep, but 0.20 or 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride (with 1.05 and 0.69 per cent. sodium chloride respectively) was detrimental to some of the sheep. The principal effect was a reduction in food consumption. The only other obvious sign in these last two groups was an occasional diarrhoea; this was more frequent on the higher concentration of magnesium chloride. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Magnesium, however, was significantly higher, throughout most of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. VI. The tolerance of wethers in pens for drinking waters of the types obtained from underground sources in Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Saline Solutions

Seven groups, each of six wether sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays and were offered various solutions as drinking waters. These comprised: (1) rain-water (control group); (2) 1.30% sodium chloride; (3) and (4) synthetic waters containing salts in the proportions found in many underground waters in South and Western Australia (referred to in this paper as "chloride waters"), with total concentrations of 0.65 and 1.30% respectively; (5) and (6) synthetic waters resembling those obtained in Queensland from the Great Artesian Basin ("bicarbonate waters"), with total salt concentrations of 0.20 and 0.50% respectively; and (7) sea-water diluted with rain-water to a total salt concentration of 1.30%The intake of all saline solutions, except that of the bicarbonate water with a concentration of 0.20% salts, was higher than that of rain-water, the increases ranging from 80% for 1.30% sodium chloride to 15% for the more concentrated bicarbonate water. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40-90 % higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Compared with the control group a significant decrease in wool production was observed only in the group receiving bicarbonate water with 0.50% total salts. These sheep also produced significantly less wool, for at least a portion of the experiment, than did those receiving the other synthetic mixtures of salts.The concentrations of potassium, calcium, and chloride in the blood plasma were not affected by the saline drinking waters. The concentrations of sodium at times were higher in the plasma of the control group and lower in the plasma of group 2 (1.30% sodium chloride) than in that of the remaining groups. Magnesium concentrations at times were higher in group 7 (diluted sea-water) and lower in group 2 than in the remaining groups. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or weight increase.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

Responces of Typha domingensis to salinity and high levels of maganese in the rooting medium

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Sulfate Solutions ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Chloride Treatment ◽  
Saline Solutions

The response of T. domingensis, a large emergent macrophyte, to salinity and manganese was studied under glasshouse conditions. Plants were grown in saline solutions ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 100 mM NaCI. and in manganese sulfate solutions ranging in concentration from 0.01 to 10 mM. Growth was reduced slightly at 50 mM NaCl and severely at 100 mM NaC1, suggesting that T. domingensis is moderately salt tolerant. Plant parts had highest chloride levels at 25 mM NaCl and highest sodium levels at 100 mM NaCl. The highest sodium chloride treatment reduced the level of potassium in the rhizomes, but not in roots or leaves. Sodium chloride had no effect on the concentration of nitrate in organs, but total nitrogen levels in roots and rhizomes increased at 100 mM NaCI. Sodium was considered to be more toxic than chloride. Growth in manganese solutions was unaffected except at the highest concentration used. Manganese accumulated quickly in leaves to levels which would be toxic to livestock; leaves retaining over 70% of the total manganese in the plant. Manganese applied at high concentrations substantially reduced the levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the leaves. In a field experiment, there were seasonal changes in the levels of selected elements in the leaves of T. domingensis. During leaf senescence. concentrations of sodium, manganese and calcium increased by 20-80%, but levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and maganesium fell by 65-84%. The results are discussed in relation to the use of T. domingensis in Hastewater reclamation.

scholarly journals Effect of saline solutions and salt stress on seed germination of sorne tropical forest tree species

2015 ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
D A Agboola
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Saline Solutions

The effect of several saline solutions (as given by six salts) and salt stress (as given by 0.1 - 2 m sodium chloride solutions) on the gerrnination of seeds of six selected tropical forest Iree s pecies was investi gated. Saline solutions (O.2 m) of the six salts used had hi ghly si gnificant effects on seed gerrnination in most of the tree s pecies. Sodium sulphate ( Na 2So4) perrnitted gerrnination in the seeds of Ceibapentandra and Tectona grandis presoaked in its 0.2m solution for 36 and 48h respeetively. The Zine sulphate (ZnS04) solution enhanced the gerrnination of seeds of Terminalia ivorensis and Terrnirialia superba. Solution of Potassium permanganate favoured the gerrnination of seeds of T. grandis, T. ivorensis and T. superba. In general" inerease in molar coneentration of NaCI adversely affected the gerrnination rate of seeds. Sees of the two Terminalia species could withstand NaCl salt stress. Seeds of 1: grandis have hi gh ability to withstand salt stress com paratively.

Salt effect in hydrolysis of 3-acyl-1,3-diphenyltriazenes

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 3104-3109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Ludwig ◽  
Oldřich Pytela ◽  
Miroslav Večeřa
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Salt Effect ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Potassium Sulphate ◽  
Lithium Sulphate ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Rate constants of non-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-acetyl-1,3-diphenyltriazene (I) and 3-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-1,3-diphenyltriazene (II) have been measured in the presence of salts (ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride and bromide, ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, lithium sulphate, sodium sulphate and zinc sulphate) within broad concentration ranges. Temperature dependence of the hydrolysis of the substrates studied has been measured in the presence of lithium sulphate within temperature range 20° to 55 °C. The results obtained have been interpreted by mechanisms of hydrolysis of the studied substances.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis Merritt Hartroft ◽  
W. Stanley Hartroft
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Juxtaglomerular Cells ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate ◽  
Sodium Metabolism

Accumulation of granules in the juxtaglomerular cells occurred in rats which were maintained for 5 to 6 weeks on a diet low in sodium, chloride. Cytological evidence suggests that this was probably a storage phase of secretion following a decrease in the rate of liberation of the granules. Administration of DCA (desoxycorticosterone acetate) to salt-deficient rats did not alter this appearance of the juxtaglomerular cells. Two per cent sodium chloride taken in the drinking water consumed for 4 weeks by similar animals caused degranulation of the juxtaglomerular cells. This effect was enhanced by DCA. DCA administered to animals on a normal salt intake produced a lesser degree of degranulation. Cytological changes in degranulated cells suggested that these represent a stage of hyperactivity in the secretory cycle produced by an increase in the rate of liberation of granules. A hypothesis is suggested that the juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the hormonal regulation of sodium metabolism and/or blood pressure.

VIII.—The Stability of Suspensions. I. The Rate of Sedimentation of Kaolin Suspensions by Salts at Varying Hydrogen Ion Concentrations

1926 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ogilvy Kermack ◽  
William Turner Horace Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
The Stability

Summary1. The rates of sedimentation of a kaolin suspension in presence of varying concentrations of a salt (sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulphate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium citrate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, monocalcium phosphate, “superphosphate”, aluminium chloride, ferric chloride or lanthanum chloride) have been compared at various pH values. Abnormal results are obtained with sodium chloride, monocalcium phosphate, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum chlorides.2. Sodium chloride increases the rate of sedimentation in alkaline solution, but actually inhibits it in acid solution.3. In concentrations of monocalcium phosphate above 0·06 per cent, abnormal sedimentation in alkaline solution takes place, with the result that it is much more complete than at the corresponding concentrations in acid solution.4. In acid solution the tervalent ions, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum have little effect, but a zone of very marked flocculation occurs at pH 7–8. This zone separates a region within which the unsedimented particles are negatively charged from a region within which they are positively charged.

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