Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. I. The tolerance of sheep for sodium chloride in the drinking water

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Very High

Four groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on an adequate diet of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium chloride had been added to give concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. The intake of water increased with concentration of sodium chloride, the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment being 2.0, 3.0, 4.4, and 3.0 1. for the groups whose water contained 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride, respectively. It also increased in all groups with temperature, being 50-70 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The intake of sodium chloride by some sheep was very high; four of them consumed over 115 g (0.25 lb) daily for more than half the experiment, and 170-230 g daily for periods of 1-10 weeks. A concentration of 1.0 per cent. sodium chloride in the drinking water had no adverse effects on the sheep, but 1.5 per cent. TI-as detrimental to a small proportion and 2.0 per cent. was detrimental to all of the sheep. There was a decline in food consumption and body weight of the affected ammals, and several receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride became very emaciated and weak and two were killed in extrentis. The only other obvious sign was an occasional diarrhoea which occurred in most of the sheep receiving 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride. Sodium chloride in the drinking water had no effect on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium in the blood plasma. It did, however, affect the chloride concentration; this was significantly higher, throughout the experiment, in the group which received water containing 2.0 per cent. sodium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. II. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride in the drinking water

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Principal Effect ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Seven groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 16 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and magnesium chlorides : 1.27 + 0.02, 1.24 + 0.05, 1.18 + 0.10, 1.05 + 0.20, and 0.69 + 0.50 per cent. Many of the animals refused to eat or drink satisfactorily when the saline waters were first offered. If, however, the concentrations were increased gradually over a period of 3 weeks to the desired levels, satisfactory performance by most animals was obtained. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake increased with increasing concentrations of magnesium chloride up to 0.10 per cent.; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the seven groups were 2.3, 3.9, 4.2, 4.8, 5.0, 4.3, and 3.5 1. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 60-100 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. A concentration of 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, and concentrations of up to 0.10 per cent,. magnesium chloride with 1.2 to 1.3 per cent. sodium chloride, had no adverse effect on the sheep, but 0.20 or 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride (with 1.05 and 0.69 per cent. sodium chloride respectively) was detrimental to some of the sheep. The principal effect was a reduction in food consumption. The only other obvious sign in these last two groups was an occasional diarrhoea; this was more frequent on the higher concentration of magnesium chloride. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Magnesium, however, was significantly higher, throughout most of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received 0.50 per cent. magnesium chloride.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. V. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate in the drinking water

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate: 1.26 + 0.015 + 0.025, 1.21 + 0.04 + 0.06, 1.12 + 0.08 + 0.13, and 0.95 + 0.161+ 0.25%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 150% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 60% above for the highest level of carbonates; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 6.6, 4.8, 5.7, 5.8, and 4.2 l. respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 40–70% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months.Weight increase was less from 6 months onward in the group receiving 1.30% sodium chloride, and was less at certain times only in the experiment in the groups receiving 0.04 or 0.10% carbonates, than in that receiving rain-water (control group). There were no differences in weight increase between the control group and the groups receiving the highest concentrations (0.21 and 0.41%) of carbonates The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. The concentration of carbon dioxide was higher, for the last year of the experiment, in the blood of the control group, and, for approximately one-third of the experiment, in that of the group receiving the highest level of carbonates in its drinking water, than in that of any of the groups receiving lower levels of carbonates. There were differences in blood carbon dioxide on one occasion only between the control group and that receiving the highest level of carbonates. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate: 1.22 + 0.10 , 1.14 + 0.20, 1.05 + 0.30, and 0.89 + 0.50 per cent. The intake of water containing 1.30 per cent. sodium chloride alone, or 0.10 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate with sodium chloride, was higher than that of rain-water, and the intake was increased still further with 0.20 and 0.30 per cent. sodium sulphate; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.3, 3.8, 3, 6, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.71. respectively. The intake also increased in ell groups with temperature, being 30-60 per cent. higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma. Sulphate, however, was significantly higher, throughout a considerable portion of the experiment, in the plasma of the sheep which received either 0.30 or 0.50 per cent. sodium sulphate. None of the saline solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

Studies on salt tolerance of sheep. IV. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium chloride in the drinking water

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Six groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens for 15 months on a ration of chaffed lucerne and wheaten hays. One group was offered rain-water to drink, another group was offered 1.30% sodium chloride, whereas the others were offered one of the following mixtures of sodium and calcium chlorides: 1.24 + 0.05, 1.19 + 0.10, l.09 + 0.20, and 0.98 + 0.30%. The intake of all saline solutions was higher than that of rain-water, ranging from 100% above for 1.30% sodium chloride to 20% above for 0.30% calcium chloride; the mean daily intakes for the entire experiment by the six groups were 2.6, 5.2, 4.6, 4.4, 3.8, and 3.11, respectively. The intake also increased in all groups with temperature, being 45–60% higher in the hottest months than in the coldest months. The saline drinking waters had no effect on the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, or chloride in the blood plasma, but did result, for a considerable portion of the experiment, in lower concentrations of sodium and higher concentrations of calcium in the plasma as compared with the concentrations of these electrolytes in the plasma of sheep drinking rain-water. None of the solutions used in the experiment had any adverse effect on the general health, food consumption, weight increase, or wool production of the sheep.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION OF THE FEEDING TO THE WEIGHT GAIN OF PREMATURE INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-916
Author(s):  
Herbert I. Goldman ◽  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Hedda Acs ◽  
Eli Seifter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One hundred four healthy premature infants, of birth weight 1,000 to 1,800 gm, were fed one of five feedings: (1) human milk; (2) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride; (3) human milk plus 13 meq/l of sodium chloride and 18 meq/l of potassium chloride; (4) a half-skimmed cows milk formula; and (5) a partially-skimmed vegetable oil, cows milk formula. The infants fed any of the three human milk formulas gained weight at a slower rate than the infants fed either of the two cows milk formulas. Infants whose diets were changed from unmodified human milk to the half-skimmed cows milk gained large amounts of weight, and at times were visibly edematous. Infants whose diets were changed from the human milks with added sodium chloride, to the half-skimmed cows milk, gained lesser amounts of weight and did not become edematous. The infants fed the two cows milk diets gained similar amounts of weight, although one diet provided 6.5 gm/kg/day, the other 3.1 gm/kg/day of protein.

scholarly journals Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
Total Body

1. A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. 2. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. 3. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80-113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. 4. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M.finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.2 to 1.3 over the salinity range 100-20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1.08 at 100% sea water to 1.87 in 0.25 mM/l NaCl. 5. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. 6. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0.5 mM/l NaCl. In M.finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38-44% body H2O at salinities of 20-100% sea water. 7. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

Studies on fluorosis of sheep. 1. The toxicity of water-borne fluoride for sheep maintained in pens

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Cent Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Borne

Five groups, each of six sheep, were fed in pens on an adequate diet of chaffed hay and crushed grain for 3½ years. One group was given rain-water to drink, whereas the others were offered similar water to which sufficient sodium fluoride had been added to give final concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 p.p.m. F. The mean daily intakes of fluoride, expressed as fluorine, by the four experimental groups were approximately 5, 9, 18, and 37 mg. F respectively during the winter months and 7, 13, 27, and 53 mg. F respectively during the summer months. The ingestion of fluoride appeared to have no adverse effect on general health, food consumption, or wool production. The mean weights of all groups were approximately the same throughout the experiment except at the end of 2½ years, when the weight of the group which received water containing 20 p.p.m. F was significantly less, but only at the 5 per cent. level, than that of either the control group or the groups receiving the lowest two intakes of fluoride. Mottling of the incisors and molars was only slight among the sheep which received water containing 5 p.p.m. F. It was more evident in the 10-p.p.m. group and was marked in the 20-p.p.m. group. Selective abrasion of the molars was pronounced in this last group but was also noticeable in the 10-p.p.m. group. Fluoride intake caused the incisors to erupt at an earlier age. Ingestion of fluoride brought about increases of up to twentyfold in the fluoride content of the bones and teeth. The bearing of these results on enzootic dental fluorosis among grazing sheep in Queensland is discussed.

scholarly journals The relation between sodium chloride concentration in drinking water and egg-shell damage

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick Balnave ◽  
Israel Yoselewitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Shell Damage ◽  
Water Shell ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
Egg Shell

1.A significant linear increase in egg-shell defects from 60-week-old laying hens, and corresponding significant linear decreases in various egg-shell-quality measurements, were observed in response to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the drinking water, to the maximum concentration of 600 mg/l used in the present study.2. The incidence of damaged egg shells was increased 3-fold by including NaCl in the drinking water at a concentration of 600 mg/l.3. Shell defects declined when birds were placed on normal water for 5 weeks but were still 1.4- to 2.1-fold greater than control values.4. After an induced rest from lay on normal water, shell defects were still 1.3- to 3.2-fold greater in birds which had previously received the NaCl in the drinking water.5. The increased incidence of shell damage was not related to decreased food intake or increased egg weight or production.

Monoamine Oxidase and Other Mitochondrial Enzymes in Density Subpopulations of Human Platelets

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (01) ◽  
pp. 029-033 ◽  
Author(s):  
K G Chamberlain ◽  
D G Penington
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Percoll Gradients ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High

SummaryNormal human platelets have been separated according to density on continuous Percoll gradients and the platelet distribution divided into five fractions containing approximately equal numbers of platelets. The mean volumes and protein contents of the platelets in each fraction were found to correlate positively with density while the protein concentration did not differ significantly between the fractions. Four mitochondrial enzymes (monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase) were assayed and their activities per unit volume were found to increase in a very similar monotonie fashion with platelet density. When MAO and GDH were assayed on the same set of density fractions the correlation between the two activities was very high (r = 0.94–1.00, p <0.001) and a similar close correlation was found between MAO and ICDH. The results support the hypothesis that high density platelets either have a higher concentration of mitochondria or have larger mitochondria than low density platelets.

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