Parasitic gastro-enteritis and its effect on the blood and liver copper levels of dairy calves

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of parasitic gastroenteritis on copper levels in the blood and liver of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn dairy calves. In two trials with calves heavily infested with Haemonchus placeii (Place) Ransom, Bunostomum phlebotomum Railliet, Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi), and CooperiaA spp., severe anaemia and hypoproteinaemia resulted. Liver copper levels of the infested calves were depressed, n-hereas those of wormfree controls either rose or remained relatively constant. The degree of depression appeared to be related to the magnitude of infestations. While slight falls in liver copper levels of worm-free calves could be induced by daily withdrawal of large volumes of blood, these falls were not of the same magnitude as those produced by trichostrongyle parasites. In a third experiment calves were infested with B. phlebotomum only, and it was demonstrated that following the administration of a known amount of copper sulphate by ruminal injection, significantly less copper was taken up and stored in the liver by parasitized calves than by worm-free controls. Indications were obtained that whole blood and plasma copper levels mere depressed by infestations in which B. phlebotomum predominated, but plasma copper concentrations were unaffected by chronic phlebotomy or by heavy infestations in which H. placei predominated. It was found necessary to withdraw a total of 27.5 I. of blood over a period of 19 weeks from worm-free calves in order to produce changes in their haemoglobin levels similar to those shown by calves carrying heavy mixed infestations consisting of H. placei, B. phlebotomum, O. radiatum, and Cooperia spp.

Clinically silent hypocuprosis and the effect of molybdenum loading on beef calves in Gippsland, Victoria

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Bingley ◽  
N Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Complex Relationships

Whole blood and liver copper concentrations of less than 0.5 µg per ml and 6 p.p.m. dry weight respectively were found in healthy beef calves from an acid soil region at Koonwarra in Victoria. Pasture samples collected each month for a year contained 2.4–6.7 p.p.m. dry weight of copper, 2.1–9.2 p.p.m, dry weight of molybdenum, and 0.07–0.47% dry weight of sulphate. The copper/molybdenum ratio was usually well below 2.0.Changes in the copper status of the cattle were related to seasonal fluctuations in the copper and molybdenum contents of the pastures. A macrocytic hypochromic anaemia was found in hypocuprotic calves. However, pallor of the mucous membranes was not observed and there was no relationship between coat colour and copper concentration of either hair or whole blood. The subcutaneous injection of 120 mg copper as glycinate raised the concentration of copper in the whole blood and liver of calves to c. 0.8 µg/ml and up to 50 p.p.m. dry weight respectively. Growth rates of calves given copper improved significantly and their carcass weights were 8.4% heavier than controls. In this environment the effects of a single treatment with copper glycinate lasted only 5 months. Although liver copper contents ranged from below 5 to above 70 p.p.m. dry weight, the copper contents of other tissues examined, such as kidney, spleen, heart, and bones, were similar whether the animals had received additional copper or molybdenum or neither. At the levels of molybdenum found in the pastures (2–9 p.p.m. dry weight) the synthesis of ceruloplasmin was readily decreased, whereas erythrocyte copper decreased more slowly. Therefore the estimation of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in plasma is suggested as a reliable and convenient means of assessing bovine hypocuprosis. The regression analyses showed a strongly positive correlation (r = 0.97) of plasma copper with ceruloplasmin oxidase activity as determined with p-phenylenediamine as substrate at the optimal pH. Special molybdenum pellets given to the calves augmented the tissue levels of molybdenum tenfold, but copper depletion did not occur to the point where clinical signs of copper deficiency or of molybdenosis appeared. In contrast to calves with large copper reserves, the mitochondria1 fraction of liver cells from hypocuprotic calves was found to contain more and the microsomal fraction less of the total liver copper. Because of the complex relationships between soil, pasture, and animals, it is concluded that a general recommendation for the minimum copper requirement of grazing cattle cannot reasonably be made without reference to soil and pasture concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and sulphate.

Blood Volumes of Dairy Calves Comparing Cr51-Tagged Red Blood Cells and T-1824 Plasma Dilution Methods

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perry Ruth Stahl ◽  
Homer E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Computation Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Whole Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Volumes

In a repeated study on 17 dairy calves, T-1824 dye plasma dilution showed significantly higher blood volumes than were found by any other technique or computation method using Cr51-tagged red blood cells. Five blood samples taken at 20-minute intervals after injection showed consistent decrease in radioactivity count from the first to the last sample, indicating greater accuracy in radioactivity dilution regressed to zero time figures than in average counts of several postinjection samples. In vitro studies suggest a loss of Cr51 from red blood cells to plasma after saline washings are Cr-free. Percentage blood volumes computed from whole blood samples of calves injected with Cr51-tagged red blood cells decreased in a straight line relationship with increase of body weight. Percentage plasma and whole blood volumes estimated with the T-1824 dye technique decreased regularly with body weight increase until a second determination was made when there was a rapid rise nearly to the level of the smallest calves, followed by another regular decrease with increase in weight. It is suggested that repeated dye injections do not always measure the same space. Regressed values of five whole blood samples taken at 20-minute intervals after injection of Cr51 tagged red blood cells gave more consistent blood volume determinations than either the weighed red cells or the plasma dye dilutions of the same samples.

COPPER SULPHATE METHOD FOR MEASURING SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF WHOLE BLOOD AND PLASMA

1949 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-528
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Powers ◽  
Philip C. Thomas ◽  
Zoe Emily Albert ◽  
Leila Clabough ◽  
Martha Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Copper Sulphate

OP034 RED BLOOD CELL, NOT PLASMA COPPER CONCENTRATION IS RELATED TO LIVER COPPER CONCENTRATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
J. Logue ◽  
A. Duncan ◽  
C. Roxburgh ◽  
P. Horgan ◽  
D. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper

Observations on the copper metabolism of the domestic fowl and duck.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Beck
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
The Relationship

Experiments have been carried out to determine whether the concentration of copper in the liver of the domestic fowl and duck can be raised by a moderate increase of dietary copper. Groups of both species were fed for 12 weeks on the same basal diet, to which was added copper sulphate to increase the copper intake two- and fivefold. No significant increase in the liver copper concentration was noted in either species. When copper was administered to both species by intravenous injection, it was rapidly excreted. mostly in the bile. In the fowl a significant amount was excreted through the caeca, but the experiments did not suggest that these organs were important in controlling copper storage. 5tudies on the relationship between h e r copper storage and age showed that there was a rapid increase in the duck after 3 weeks of age. No such changes were observed in the foul

Supplementation of bacon pig rations by aureomycin and two levels of copper sulphate

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Bellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Storage ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

A trial has been carried out to determine the effects of supplementing bacon pig diets with 125 and 250 ppm. copper (as copper sulphate) and/or aureomycin (14·4 ppm.). A total of 288 pigs were fed ad lib. from 40·100lb., and restricted-fed thereafter to bacon weight (200 1b.). Growth rate was increased by 125 ppm. copper, 250 ppm. copper, and aureomycin during the ad lib. feeding period. The magnitude of the responses was about the same in each case.During the fattening stage from 100 1b. to bacon weight, 125 ppm. copper or aureomycin increased food conversion efficiency; 250 ppm. copper however improved growth rate also. There was probably some additive effect of 125 ppm. copper and aureomycin when fed together, but it is unlikely that such an effect occurred with the higher level of copper and aureomycin.The liver copper content of pigs fed 125 ppm. copper was 3 times higher than that of the controls; 250 ppm. copper increased liver copper storage about 18·fold.The similarity in response of copper and aureomycin feeding to pigs is discussed. It is concluded that, under the conditions of the trial, their mode of action is similar. Under similar conditions in general farm practice there is unlikely to be any economic advantage in supplementing pig diets containing 250 ppm copper with aureomycin; however, the bacterial environment may sometimes be such that additional benefit will be obtained by joint supplementation.

Intake and productivity of lambs grazing leafy or stemmy forage rape and the effect of energy or protein supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
J. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Type Substitution

Weaned lambs grazed forage rape in a leader-follower grazing system to create leafy and stemmy swards. Stemmy swards had a lower herbage mass and leaf content, a much higher stem and neutral detergent fibre content, and a lower N content. Lambs grazing both swards were given either no supplement or daily supplements of rolled barley (energy) or rolled barley plus formaldehyde-treated soyabean meal (protein). Half the lambs in one replicate were also given supplementary copper to counter possible effects of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide ingestion from the forage rape. The copper supplement had significant effects on liver copper content, plasma copper and the percentage of red blood cells with Heinz bodies, but there was no effect on liveweight gain compared with lambs which did not receive copper. Lambs grazing the stemmy sward ate less herbage, but much more of the supplements, in both absolute and proportional terms. Herbage intake was not influenced by supplement type. Substitution between herbage and supplement was low (<0 to 12%) and not notably different between the crop types or supplements. Liveweight gains on the leafy crop (160–200 g/day) were higher than on the stemmy crop (114–143 g/day) with significantly higher gains in lambs given the protein supplement. Supplementation did not influence carcass weight or the rates of carcass protein or fat gain, which were all higher in lambs grazing the leafy crop. The results suggest that protein supplements may improve the liveweight gain of lambs grazing forage rape.

Supplemental Copper and Selenium For Calves: Effects Upon Ceruloplasmin Activity and Liver Copper Concentration

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Amer ◽  
G. J. St-Laurent ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Copper Oxidase ◽  
Ceruloplasmin Activity

The relation between plasma copper, ceruloplasmin concentration, and copper oxidase activity in postnatal calves fed supplemental amounts of copper (100 and 200 p.p.m.) and selenium (0.7 p.p.m.) singly or in combination was studied. Thirty-six 3-day-old calves were assigned at random to six dietary treatments (2 × 3 factorial) with six calves in each treatment. Blood samples were collected biweekly for a period of 56 days.A significant (P = 0.01) positive linear correlation was obtained between plasma copper (μg/100 ml) and p-polyphenylenediamine oxidase activity (expressed as absorbance at 552 mμ). Considerable changes in plasma copper were observed as the level of copper or copper plus selenium in the diet was elevated. Copper or copper plus selenium supplementation did not have any significant effect on the amount of copper in the albumin fraction of plasma and ceruloplasmin activity was completely absent.

Blood transfusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 5563-5578
Author(s):  
D.S. Giovanniello ◽  
E.L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Blood Replacement ◽  
Severe Haemorrhage ◽  
Pass Through

Transfusion of blood components is a life-saving treatment for patients with severe haemorrhage and can also be used to replace coagulation factors and to ameliorate the effects of severe anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and impaired platelet function. With greater understanding of red cell, platelet, and leucocyte antigen structure and function, transfusion therapy has improved. In addition, understanding current and emerging infectious agents has ensured patient safety. Transfusion medicine has expanded over recent decades to include multiple disciplines, such as therapeutic apheresis, cellular therapy, and tissue banking. One of the most important technological improvements in transfusion therapy was the development of sterile, disposable, and flexible plastic containers that allow separation of whole blood into cellular (e.g. red cells, platelets) and noncellular (e.g. plasma, cryoprecipitate) components, known as apheresis. This technology allows the blood of a donor or patient to pass through an apparatus that separates out one particular constituent and returns the remainder to the circulation. Anticoagulants and additives currently used to collect blood allow storage of liquid suspensions of concentrated red cells for 35 to 42 days. These advances have essentially eliminated the use of whole blood. Blood transfusion is used to treat patients with severe anaemia, haemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, and coagulation disorders. Although the hazards of blood replacement are relatively small, the expected benefit of a transfusion must outweigh the risk to the patient. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the indications of blood transfusion is required to minimize unnecessary blood replacement and to prevent wastage of limited blood resources. Clinicians who prescribe blood transfusion must also be familiar with the risks and be able to recognize and treat transfusion reactions.

scholarly journals Blood copper as an indicator of copper status with a note on serum proteins and leucocyte counts in copper-deficient rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Dreosti ◽  
G. V. Quicke
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Individual Farm

1. Albumin, α1-, α2-, β- and γ-globulin fractions were demonstrated in serum from control and copper-depleted rats, but no quantitative difference was found in the distribution of the proteins between the two groups of animals. Both the total number of leucocytes and the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes increased during copper depletion.2. Plasma copper content was found to be superior to whole blood copper content as an index of the copper status of rats at intermediate stages of depletion. The copper content of erythrocytes was found to be unaffected even in the severely depleted animals; this explains, in part, the poor response of whole blood copper content to intermediate stages of depletion.3. A single dose of orally administered copper was reflected in the plasma copper content of depleted rats about 12 h after dosing. No similar rise was observed in control animals, and the extent of the response was not increased by increasing the dose of copper.4. It is suggested that plasma copper response to a single oral dose of copper sulphate may provide a useful method for the detection of subnormal copper status in individual farm animals without the necessity of determining breed norms.

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