Clinically silent hypocuprosis and the effect of molybdenum loading on beef calves in Gippsland, Victoria

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Bingley ◽  
N Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Complex Relationships

Whole blood and liver copper concentrations of less than 0.5 µg per ml and 6 p.p.m. dry weight respectively were found in healthy beef calves from an acid soil region at Koonwarra in Victoria. Pasture samples collected each month for a year contained 2.4–6.7 p.p.m. dry weight of copper, 2.1–9.2 p.p.m, dry weight of molybdenum, and 0.07–0.47% dry weight of sulphate. The copper/molybdenum ratio was usually well below 2.0.Changes in the copper status of the cattle were related to seasonal fluctuations in the copper and molybdenum contents of the pastures. A macrocytic hypochromic anaemia was found in hypocuprotic calves. However, pallor of the mucous membranes was not observed and there was no relationship between coat colour and copper concentration of either hair or whole blood. The subcutaneous injection of 120 mg copper as glycinate raised the concentration of copper in the whole blood and liver of calves to c. 0.8 µg/ml and up to 50 p.p.m. dry weight respectively. Growth rates of calves given copper improved significantly and their carcass weights were 8.4% heavier than controls. In this environment the effects of a single treatment with copper glycinate lasted only 5 months. Although liver copper contents ranged from below 5 to above 70 p.p.m. dry weight, the copper contents of other tissues examined, such as kidney, spleen, heart, and bones, were similar whether the animals had received additional copper or molybdenum or neither. At the levels of molybdenum found in the pastures (2–9 p.p.m. dry weight) the synthesis of ceruloplasmin was readily decreased, whereas erythrocyte copper decreased more slowly. Therefore the estimation of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in plasma is suggested as a reliable and convenient means of assessing bovine hypocuprosis. The regression analyses showed a strongly positive correlation (r = 0.97) of plasma copper with ceruloplasmin oxidase activity as determined with p-phenylenediamine as substrate at the optimal pH. Special molybdenum pellets given to the calves augmented the tissue levels of molybdenum tenfold, but copper depletion did not occur to the point where clinical signs of copper deficiency or of molybdenosis appeared. In contrast to calves with large copper reserves, the mitochondria1 fraction of liver cells from hypocuprotic calves was found to contain more and the microsomal fraction less of the total liver copper. Because of the complex relationships between soil, pasture, and animals, it is concluded that a general recommendation for the minimum copper requirement of grazing cattle cannot reasonably be made without reference to soil and pasture concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and sulphate.

Parasitic gastro-enteritis and its effect on the blood and liver copper levels of dairy calves

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of parasitic gastroenteritis on copper levels in the blood and liver of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn dairy calves. In two trials with calves heavily infested with Haemonchus placeii (Place) Ransom, Bunostomum phlebotomum Railliet, Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi), and CooperiaA spp., severe anaemia and hypoproteinaemia resulted. Liver copper levels of the infested calves were depressed, n-hereas those of wormfree controls either rose or remained relatively constant. The degree of depression appeared to be related to the magnitude of infestations. While slight falls in liver copper levels of worm-free calves could be induced by daily withdrawal of large volumes of blood, these falls were not of the same magnitude as those produced by trichostrongyle parasites. In a third experiment calves were infested with B. phlebotomum only, and it was demonstrated that following the administration of a known amount of copper sulphate by ruminal injection, significantly less copper was taken up and stored in the liver by parasitized calves than by worm-free controls. Indications were obtained that whole blood and plasma copper levels mere depressed by infestations in which B. phlebotomum predominated, but plasma copper concentrations were unaffected by chronic phlebotomy or by heavy infestations in which H. placei predominated. It was found necessary to withdraw a total of 27.5 I. of blood over a period of 19 weeks from worm-free calves in order to produce changes in their haemoglobin levels similar to those shown by calves carrying heavy mixed infestations consisting of H. placei, B. phlebotomum, O. radiatum, and Cooperia spp.

Supplemental Copper and Selenium For Calves: Effects Upon Ceruloplasmin Activity and Liver Copper Concentration

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Amer ◽  
G. J. St-Laurent ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Copper Oxidase ◽  
Ceruloplasmin Activity

The relation between plasma copper, ceruloplasmin concentration, and copper oxidase activity in postnatal calves fed supplemental amounts of copper (100 and 200 p.p.m.) and selenium (0.7 p.p.m.) singly or in combination was studied. Thirty-six 3-day-old calves were assigned at random to six dietary treatments (2 × 3 factorial) with six calves in each treatment. Blood samples were collected biweekly for a period of 56 days.A significant (P = 0.01) positive linear correlation was obtained between plasma copper (μg/100 ml) and p-polyphenylenediamine oxidase activity (expressed as absorbance at 552 mμ). Considerable changes in plasma copper were observed as the level of copper or copper plus selenium in the diet was elevated. Copper or copper plus selenium supplementation did not have any significant effect on the amount of copper in the albumin fraction of plasma and ceruloplasmin activity was completely absent.

Iron-induced copper deficiency in calves: dose-response relationships and interactions with molybdenum and sulphur

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bremner ◽  
W. R. Humphries ◽  
M. Phillippo ◽  
M. J. Walker ◽  
P. C. Morrice
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Potent Antagonist ◽  
Rate Of Decline

ABSTRACTThe effects of dietary supplements of iron, molybdenum and sulphur on copper metabolism in calves were examined. In one experiment, 27 castrated male pre-ruminant Friesian calves were given a milk-substitute ration containing 0·9, 4·5 or 9 mmol iron per kg dry matter for 8 weeks. The iron supplements had no effect on liver copper retention. When 24 of these calves were then given a diet based on barley grains and barley straw containing 0, 4·5, 9 or 13·5 mmols iron per kg for up to 24 weeks, liver and plasma copper concentrations were greatly reduced in all iron-supplemented animals but no clinical signs of copper deficiency developed. Reduction in the dietary sulphur concentration from 88 o t 47 mmol/kg after 12 weeks did not prevent the iron-induced reduction in liver copper concentrations n i animals given 9 or 13·5 mmol iron per kg. Plasma copper concentrations increased in all iron-treated calves given the low-sulphur diets, except in animals given 13·5 mmol iron per kg. The results indicate that iron is a potent antagonist of copper metabolism in weaned calves and that its effects are probably independent of dietary sulphur supply.In a second experiment 20 Hereford × Friesian female calves were given diets with supplements of 2·7 mmol iron and 20 μmol molybdenum per kg, separately and together, for 41 weeks. Both supplements reduced liver and plasma copper concentrations but only in the molybdenum-treated animals were live-weight gains reduced. The rate of decline in liver and plasma copper concentrations tended to be greatest in animals given both supplements, indicating that additive action of these antagonists is possible.

Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2096135
Author(s):  
Punyamanee Yamkate ◽  
Randi M Gold ◽  
Panagiotis G Xenoulis ◽  
Katja Steiger ◽  
David C Twedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. Methods For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis ( P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated ( rs = 0.46, P <0.001). Conclusions and relevance Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.

scholarly journals Mineral Composition of Red Clover under Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Application in Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera STAJKOVIC-SRBINOVIC ◽  
Dušica DELIC ◽  
Nataša RASULIC ◽  
Dragan CAKMAK ◽  
Djordje KUZMANOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Lime Application

In the present study the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and lime application on the mineral composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), in very acid soil were evaluated. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii significantly increased shoot dry weight (SDW) of red clover plants (three times greater), as well as N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu contents in plants compared to the control. Application of lime and Rhizobium together, depending on the lime rate (3, 6 or 9 t ha-1 of lime) and the cut, increased SDW significantly, but decreased the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and B in plants. Regardless of the changes, in all treatments in both cuts, contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in plants were among sufficiency levels (Mg content was elevated in the second cut), while Fe content was mainly high, as well as Cu (in the second cut). Contents of P and B in plants were somewhat lower than sufficiency levels, but above critical level. Therefore, red clover can be grown with satisfactory yield and mineral composition in acid soil with Rhizobium inoculation only, but the application of P and B fertilization is desirable.

scholarly journals FORAGE PRODUCTION OF SOME LESSER-KNOWN LEUCAENA SPECIES GROWN ON ACID SOIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Nurhayati D. Purwantari
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Edible Part ◽  
P Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leucaena Species

Leucaena leucocephala leaves are nutritious and palatable for ruminants. However, the plant is poorly adapted on acid soil, water logged, and susceptible to psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana). Leucaena favours soils with pH &gt;5. It performs best on calcareous soils. This study aimed to evaluate adaptability of several Leucaena species on acid soils. The study was conducted at the experimental field in Ciawi, Bogor, altitude 500 m above sea level, rainfall 1500-2000 mm year-1, on Latosol soil with pH 5.2. Leucaena species evaluated were L. leucocephala K28, L. leucocephala (local type), Leucaena KX2 hybrid, L. collinsii, L. trichandra, and L. diversifolia. Experiment was designed in a randomized complete block, four replications. All the seedlings were grown in the nursery for 2.5 months before being transplanted to the field. The plants were grown in row plots of 5 m x 1 m with planting distance 0.5 m and spacing between row plot was 3 m. One unit replicate was 5 m x 21 m. In wet season, the plants were pruned at 50 cm height every 3 months, whilst in dry season pruning was done every 5 months. Parameter measured were plant regrowth and forage production (edible part and non-edible part of the plant), as well as N and P content of the edible part. The result showed that Leucaena KX2 hybrid was superior to other leucaenas. Regrowth of KX2 hybrid was the fastest and produced highest forage. The highest fresh weight forage production for 1 year (four times harvests), i.e. 33.93 t ha-1 year-1 equal to 12.48 t ha- 1 year-1 of dry weight, was obtained from Leucaena KX2 hybrid, whereas the lowest was produced by L. diversifolia, i.e. 3.12 t ha-1 year-1 of fresh weight or 1.01 t ha-1 year-1 of dry weight. Production of non-edible part followed the pattern of production of edible part. N and P content in the edible part of all Leucaena species did not show any significant difference except for L. trichandra which contained the lowest. This study implies that Leucaena KX2 hybrid is adaptable to acid soil; therefore it can be grown in wider areas throughout Indonesia.

Response of growing cattle to supplementation with organically bound or inorganic sources of selenium or yeast cultures

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. E. McQueen ◽  
R. S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Holstein Calves

Bioavailability of organically bound and inorganic Se sources differ, the organic form being absorbed more efficiently. Dairy and beef calves (250 kg initial weight) were given a low Se diet alone or supplemented with sodium selenite (1 mg Se d−1; inorganic Se), a Se-enriched yeast (1.5 g yeast d−1 providing 1 mg of Se; organic Se), a live yeast culture (1.5 g d−1) or autoclaved yeast culture (1.5 g d−1). The latter treatments were included to determine the response to yeast per se. There were no treatment effects on rate of weight gain or efficiency of feed conversion by the calves. The Se souces had no effect on digestibility of the diet by sheep. The inorganic Se supplement increased the level of whole blood Se and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity at a linear rate with time up to 3 mo from the start of supplementation. The effect of organic Se was sustained for 4 mo and both indices of Se status in blood were higher (P < 0.01) for calves fed the organic Se than for those fed inorganic Se after 4 mo (124 vs. 96 units of GSH-Px activity g−1 haemoglobin and 141 vs. 102 μg Se L−1 of whole blood). The values near the beginning of the trial were higher (P < 0.01) for Holstein calves than for beef calves but both groups showed the same response to source of Se. Subsequently, levels declined for Holstein and increased for beef calves given diets without supplemental Se. The results showed that Se supplementation for 4 mo had no effect on animal performance; that more than 4 mo are required to fully deplete or replete blood Se and GSH-Px; and, that supplemental organic Se gives higher (P < 0.01) blood Se and GSH-Px activity than does inorganic Se. Key words: Organic selenium, calves, glutathione peroxidase

Effect of dietary vitamin A on the mixed function oxidases and the pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole in goats

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Burley ◽  
T. M. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
High Vitamin ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial

To determine the effects of dietary vitamin A on the activity of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and on the susceptibility to 3-methylindole (3MI)-induced respiratory disease, goats were fed a high (supplemented with 12 000 IU retinyl palmitate/kg) or a low (no supplementation) vitamin A diet for 14 weeks. Four animals in each dietary group were then challenged with [14C]3MI. The remaining four animals served as controls. Enzyme assays were performed and severity of the 3MI-induced lung damage was scored. Consumption of the low vitamin A diet resulted in a significant reduction in the liver and lung contents of vitamin A; however, serum concentration of vitamin A was unaffected. High vitamin A supplementation did not alter the activity of the MFO system. Clinical signs, lung – body weight ratio and wet – dry weight ratio of the lungs of 3MI-infused goats were not significantly different; however, in the low vitamin A goats, the microscopic lesions such as the extent of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were judged to be significantly more severe than those observed in the high vitamin A goats.

scholarly journals Selenium content of wheat for bread making in Scotland and the relationship between glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) levels in whole blood and bread consumption

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. I. Barclay ◽  
A. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Oily Fish ◽  
The Relationship

The selenium content of the 1989 harvest of wheat used for bread making in Scotland ranged from 0.028 μg/g dry weight for home-grown wheat to 0.518 μg/g for Canadian wheat. The tonnage values indicate that 13.8% of the wheat used in bread making came from Canada. This reflects in a calculated dietary intake of 31 μg/d which is well below the recommended levels of 70 and 55 μg for adult males and females respectively (National Research Council, 1989). The average glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) level in 478 samples of human whole blood was 6.08 (se 0.065) units/ml. This increased to 6.65 (se 0.321) in sixty-two subjects consuming brown or wholemeal bread but was unaffected by oily fish consumption. Analysis of a small number of samples of whole milk, eggs and meat indicated slightly higher concentrations than previously published values but this trend was insufficient to compensate for the lower cereal provision of Se.

6.16 Some Advances in Clinical Biochemistry Relating to Trace Metals

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 149-150
Author(s):  
C. H. McMurray ◽  
W. J. Blanchflower ◽  
P. J. McParland ◽  
D. G. O'Neill ◽  
D. A. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Clinical Biochemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Phenylene Diamine

The clinical signs of copper (Cu) deficiency are largely non-specific and a number of laboratory tests have been used extensively to assist in diagnosis. Among these are whole blood, plasma and serum Cu and caeruloplasmin (McMurray, 1980). However, for any marker to be useful diagnostically, it is necessary to identify any factors which can affect it. Plasma and serum Cu are not equivalent but are related by the equation:Serum Cu (mg/l) = 11.7 + 0.66 plasma Cu (mg/l). The regression was obtained from the means of 24 groups of suckler cows and calves (> 10 animals/group). The equivalent relationship between serum and plasma caeruloplasmin is:Serum caeruloplasmin = 0.0018+ 0.59 plasma caeruloplasmin.Units of caeruloplasmin are absorbance units in the phenylene diamine assay.Thus, the range of normality will depend on the sample being used for the assay. The reduction in serum values is due to the loss of caeruloplasmin during blood clotting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document