Intake and productivity of lambs grazing leafy or stemmy forage rape and the effect of energy or protein supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
J. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Type Substitution

Weaned lambs grazed forage rape in a leader-follower grazing system to create leafy and stemmy swards. Stemmy swards had a lower herbage mass and leaf content, a much higher stem and neutral detergent fibre content, and a lower N content. Lambs grazing both swards were given either no supplement or daily supplements of rolled barley (energy) or rolled barley plus formaldehyde-treated soyabean meal (protein). Half the lambs in one replicate were also given supplementary copper to counter possible effects of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide ingestion from the forage rape. The copper supplement had significant effects on liver copper content, plasma copper and the percentage of red blood cells with Heinz bodies, but there was no effect on liveweight gain compared with lambs which did not receive copper. Lambs grazing the stemmy sward ate less herbage, but much more of the supplements, in both absolute and proportional terms. Herbage intake was not influenced by supplement type. Substitution between herbage and supplement was low (<0 to 12%) and not notably different between the crop types or supplements. Liveweight gains on the leafy crop (160–200 g/day) were higher than on the stemmy crop (114–143 g/day) with significantly higher gains in lambs given the protein supplement. Supplementation did not influence carcass weight or the rates of carcass protein or fat gain, which were all higher in lambs grazing the leafy crop. The results suggest that protein supplements may improve the liveweight gain of lambs grazing forage rape.

The interaction between level of protein and the response to specific nutrients in high silage diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
A. Crocker ◽  
W. Fisher ◽  
C. Walker ◽  
A. Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

Previous studies have indicated that supplements to high quality grass silage based on molasses and sodium bicarbonate can enhance microbial efficiency and milk output. However these experiments showed that there was still a need to include preformed protein in the supplement to maximise the response. Also, work at this Institute (M. Gill, unpublished data) had indicated marked responses to branched chain volatile fatty acids (vfa) in high forage diets, but only in the presence of protein supplements. The aims of the experiment were to firstly examine whether preformed proteins in high forage diets could be replaced by either protected or unprotected amino acids (methionine and lysine) in dairy cow diets and secondly, to investigate the interaction between branched chain acids and the supply of protein.Eighty British Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactation were offered grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg of molasses and sodium bicarbonate (Alkacarb, ICI plc) at 30 g/kg silage dry matter (DM). They were given a protein supplement consisting of soyabean meal and fishmeal in a 3:1 ratio at either 2 (L) or 3.2 kg/day (H).

Parasitic gastro-enteritis and its effect on the blood and liver copper levels of dairy calves

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of parasitic gastroenteritis on copper levels in the blood and liver of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn dairy calves. In two trials with calves heavily infested with Haemonchus placeii (Place) Ransom, Bunostomum phlebotomum Railliet, Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi), and CooperiaA spp., severe anaemia and hypoproteinaemia resulted. Liver copper levels of the infested calves were depressed, n-hereas those of wormfree controls either rose or remained relatively constant. The degree of depression appeared to be related to the magnitude of infestations. While slight falls in liver copper levels of worm-free calves could be induced by daily withdrawal of large volumes of blood, these falls were not of the same magnitude as those produced by trichostrongyle parasites. In a third experiment calves were infested with B. phlebotomum only, and it was demonstrated that following the administration of a known amount of copper sulphate by ruminal injection, significantly less copper was taken up and stored in the liver by parasitized calves than by worm-free controls. Indications were obtained that whole blood and plasma copper levels mere depressed by infestations in which B. phlebotomum predominated, but plasma copper concentrations were unaffected by chronic phlebotomy or by heavy infestations in which H. placei predominated. It was found necessary to withdraw a total of 27.5 I. of blood over a period of 19 weeks from worm-free calves in order to produce changes in their haemoglobin levels similar to those shown by calves carrying heavy mixed infestations consisting of H. placei, B. phlebotomum, O. radiatum, and Cooperia spp.

Cottonseed meal in broiler diets. 2. Considerations of some aspects of amino acid balance and gossypol level in cottonseed meal and cottonseed-meat meal starter diets

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (65) ◽  
pp. 656 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Packham ◽  
CG Payne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Cottonseed Protein ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Three broiler starter experiments investigated the inclusion of cottonseed meal in diets based on grain sorghum. In the first, 35.5 per cent cottonseed meal inclusion in lieu of 28.5 per cent soyabean meal was studied. Additional 0.05 per cent ferrous sulphate, to counteract gossypol toxicity in the cottonseed diets, increased feed consumption by 4.3 per cent and improved liveweight gain by 2.2 per cent. Dietary leucine at 1.25 per cent tended to give better performance than either 1 .I 5 or 1.35 per cent. No differences in performance occurred with isoleucine levels of 0.54 - 0.74 per cent. On the better cottonseed diets growth rate equalled that on the soya controls, though feed conversion was inferior. In the second experiment meat meal protein replaced 0, 25 or 50 per cent of the cottonseed meal protein. Growth was optimal on the cottonseed meal diet with 1.35 - 1.45 per cent total dietary lysine. On the meat meal-cottonseed meal diets, lysine levels of between 1.10 - 1.45 gave no significant differences in growth rate or feed efficiency. Leucine supplementation in addition to lysine did not affect performance. Overall, the diets with one-half meat meal protein substitution for cottonseed meal protein resulted in significantly depressed growth. In the third experiment, half the cottonseed protein was replaced by either a 'normal' meat meal or a meat meal containing blood. The cottonseed meal-normal meat meal diet was shown to be equally deficient in leucine and isoleucine, whereas the cottonseed meal-meat meal with blood diet was deficient in isoleucine only. With adequate amino acid supplementation, the performance on these cottonseed meal-meat meal diets was not inferior to that of a control diet based on soyabean meal.

Effects of sowing rate and grazing management of forage rape (Brassica napus) on grazing behaviour and utilisation by dairy cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Stefanski ◽  
S. C. Garcia ◽  
S. R. Farina ◽  
D. K. Y. Tan ◽  
D. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽  
Forage Rape ◽  
Internal Markers ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

The increase in total factor productivity in the Australian dairy industry over the last 10 years has been low (1.5%). To help address this issue, ‘FutureDairy’ is aiming to increase the production of home-grown feed currently achieved from pastures using a complementary forage-rotation (CFR) system. Forage rape (Brassica napus) is a key component of the CFR; however, it is a complex crop to manage and feed, and the interactions between the behaviour and grazing habits of dairy cattle are unknown. The present experiment investigated the effect of the sowing rate and grazing management of forage rape on the grazing behaviour and forage utilisation of lactating dairy cattle. A field experiment was established, with a forage rape crop planted at three different sowing rates of 2, 3.5 and 5 kg/ha. The crop was grazed using either a ‘multiple grazing’ system, where the forage rape was strip-grazed in a manner to promote regrowth to allow for regrazing, or a ‘take-all grazing’ system, where the forage rape was grazed once only after reaching maximum biomass. The grazing preferences of cows for the sowing rates during the grazing sessions were visually observed and recorded, and forage utilisation was determined from pre-grazing and post-grazing forage availability. Nitrogen (N) deposition from excreta was estimated using stocking density and time spent. Cattle preferred grazing the forage rape sown at 2 kg/ha, but this preference did not result in higher forage utilisation. Grazing method had no effect on forage utilisation or N deposition. Cows should be removed after ~80 min of grazing in a multiple grazing system to ensure future regrowth. Further work is necessary to fully investigate the effects of grazing method on forage utilisation and N deposition, and more accurate external devices and internal markers should be used in the future to provide better estimates of forage utilisation.

OP034 RED BLOOD CELL, NOT PLASMA COPPER CONCENTRATION IS RELATED TO LIVER COPPER CONCENTRATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
J. Logue ◽  
A. Duncan ◽  
C. Roxburgh ◽  
P. Horgan ◽  
D. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper

Supplemental Copper and Selenium For Calves: Effects Upon Ceruloplasmin Activity and Liver Copper Concentration

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Amer ◽  
G. J. St-Laurent ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Copper Oxidase ◽  
Ceruloplasmin Activity

The relation between plasma copper, ceruloplasmin concentration, and copper oxidase activity in postnatal calves fed supplemental amounts of copper (100 and 200 p.p.m.) and selenium (0.7 p.p.m.) singly or in combination was studied. Thirty-six 3-day-old calves were assigned at random to six dietary treatments (2 × 3 factorial) with six calves in each treatment. Blood samples were collected biweekly for a period of 56 days.A significant (P = 0.01) positive linear correlation was obtained between plasma copper (μg/100 ml) and p-polyphenylenediamine oxidase activity (expressed as absorbance at 552 mμ). Considerable changes in plasma copper were observed as the level of copper or copper plus selenium in the diet was elevated. Copper or copper plus selenium supplementation did not have any significant effect on the amount of copper in the albumin fraction of plasma and ceruloplasmin activity was completely absent.

Clinically silent hypocuprosis and the effect of molybdenum loading on beef calves in Gippsland, Victoria

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Bingley ◽  
N Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Complex Relationships

Whole blood and liver copper concentrations of less than 0.5 µg per ml and 6 p.p.m. dry weight respectively were found in healthy beef calves from an acid soil region at Koonwarra in Victoria. Pasture samples collected each month for a year contained 2.4–6.7 p.p.m. dry weight of copper, 2.1–9.2 p.p.m, dry weight of molybdenum, and 0.07–0.47% dry weight of sulphate. The copper/molybdenum ratio was usually well below 2.0.Changes in the copper status of the cattle were related to seasonal fluctuations in the copper and molybdenum contents of the pastures. A macrocytic hypochromic anaemia was found in hypocuprotic calves. However, pallor of the mucous membranes was not observed and there was no relationship between coat colour and copper concentration of either hair or whole blood. The subcutaneous injection of 120 mg copper as glycinate raised the concentration of copper in the whole blood and liver of calves to c. 0.8 µg/ml and up to 50 p.p.m. dry weight respectively. Growth rates of calves given copper improved significantly and their carcass weights were 8.4% heavier than controls. In this environment the effects of a single treatment with copper glycinate lasted only 5 months. Although liver copper contents ranged from below 5 to above 70 p.p.m. dry weight, the copper contents of other tissues examined, such as kidney, spleen, heart, and bones, were similar whether the animals had received additional copper or molybdenum or neither. At the levels of molybdenum found in the pastures (2–9 p.p.m. dry weight) the synthesis of ceruloplasmin was readily decreased, whereas erythrocyte copper decreased more slowly. Therefore the estimation of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity in plasma is suggested as a reliable and convenient means of assessing bovine hypocuprosis. The regression analyses showed a strongly positive correlation (r = 0.97) of plasma copper with ceruloplasmin oxidase activity as determined with p-phenylenediamine as substrate at the optimal pH. Special molybdenum pellets given to the calves augmented the tissue levels of molybdenum tenfold, but copper depletion did not occur to the point where clinical signs of copper deficiency or of molybdenosis appeared. In contrast to calves with large copper reserves, the mitochondria1 fraction of liver cells from hypocuprotic calves was found to contain more and the microsomal fraction less of the total liver copper. Because of the complex relationships between soil, pasture, and animals, it is concluded that a general recommendation for the minimum copper requirement of grazing cattle cannot reasonably be made without reference to soil and pasture concentrations of copper, molybdenum, and sulphate.

Iron-induced copper deficiency in calves: dose-response relationships and interactions with molybdenum and sulphur

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bremner ◽  
W. R. Humphries ◽  
M. Phillippo ◽  
M. J. Walker ◽  
P. C. Morrice
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Potent Antagonist ◽  
Rate Of Decline

ABSTRACTThe effects of dietary supplements of iron, molybdenum and sulphur on copper metabolism in calves were examined. In one experiment, 27 castrated male pre-ruminant Friesian calves were given a milk-substitute ration containing 0·9, 4·5 or 9 mmol iron per kg dry matter for 8 weeks. The iron supplements had no effect on liver copper retention. When 24 of these calves were then given a diet based on barley grains and barley straw containing 0, 4·5, 9 or 13·5 mmols iron per kg for up to 24 weeks, liver and plasma copper concentrations were greatly reduced in all iron-supplemented animals but no clinical signs of copper deficiency developed. Reduction in the dietary sulphur concentration from 88 o t 47 mmol/kg after 12 weeks did not prevent the iron-induced reduction in liver copper concentrations n i animals given 9 or 13·5 mmol iron per kg. Plasma copper concentrations increased in all iron-treated calves given the low-sulphur diets, except in animals given 13·5 mmol iron per kg. The results indicate that iron is a potent antagonist of copper metabolism in weaned calves and that its effects are probably independent of dietary sulphur supply.In a second experiment 20 Hereford × Friesian female calves were given diets with supplements of 2·7 mmol iron and 20 μmol molybdenum per kg, separately and together, for 41 weeks. Both supplements reduced liver and plasma copper concentrations but only in the molybdenum-treated animals were live-weight gains reduced. The rate of decline in liver and plasma copper concentrations tended to be greatest in animals given both supplements, indicating that additive action of these antagonists is possible.

CHRONIC COPPER TOXICITY IN LAMBS: A SURVEY OF BLOOD CONSTITUENT RESPONSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. BUCKLEY ◽  
R. M. TAIT
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Plasma Copper

Blood chemistry of lambs was studied during the period of liver copper accumulation in chronic copper toxicity. In trial 1, dietary copper was 10.9, 17.8 and 25.2 mg/kg. During a 10-wk feeding trial no mortalities due to copper toxicity and no differences in growth rate were found (P > 0.05). At slaughter, liver copper levels were 239, 454 and 721 μg/g of dry matter, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no response to added dietary copper for hematocrit, ferroxidase, aspartate aminotransferase, allantoin, plasma protein, catalase, molybdenum or plasma copper (P > 0.05). In trial 2, dietary copper was 9.1 and 37.3 mg/kg. Lambs were individually fed for an 11-wk feeding trial. No mortalities or difference in growth occurred (P > 0.05). At slaughter, liver copper levels were 372 and 1109 μg/g of dry matter, respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was elevated in response to added dietary copper (P < 0.05). No effect due to added dietary copper was found with superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, ferroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, plasma protein, hemoglobin, plasma copper, calcium, inorganic phosphate, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, urea nitrogen or hematocrit (P > 0.05). Only plasma aspartate aminotransferase and liver copper concentration could be considered useful indicators of high copper status.

The effect on nitrogen retention in lambs of feeding protein supplements direct to the abomasum. Comparisonof liquid and dry feeding and of various sources of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to investigate the influence on nitrogen retention of feeding protein supplements to early weaned lambs direct to the abomasum via the oesophageal groove. In Exp. 1 the lambs received a basal diet of barley and a protein mixture consisting of soyabean meal, sunflower meal and fish meal which was given either in a liquid suspension from a bottle or as dry feed incorporated with the barley. The results showed that the regression coefficients of nitrogen retention on intake were 0.48 and 0.33 with liquid and dry feeding respectively. The regressions of urinary nitrogen on intake were with liquid and dry feeding respectively 0.26 and 0.44.In Exp. 2, various sources of protein were compared isonitrogenously as substitute for part of a barley concentrate ration. The nitrogen intakes and retentions were 14·28 and 5·09, 20·16 and 9·39, 20·53 and 8·19, 19·00 and 7·80, and 18·87 and 7·86 g/day for the control diet and fish meal, yeast, soyabean meal and sunflower meal supplemented diets respectively.In Exp. 3 the fish meal supplement was compared with a high lysine, bloodmeal and with casein as liquid supplements to a basal diet of barley concentrate. The intake and retention of nitrogen were for bloodmeal, casein and fish meal respectively 23·41 and 7·48, 22·56 and 9·11, and 21·88 and 8·31 g/day. It appeared that the protein sources high in methionine resulted in the highest nitrogen retention. The implications of these findings in relation to the nutrition of young ruminants is discussed together with an evaluation of the experimental method as a technique to study postruminal digestion.

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