Effect of Joule heating and current crowding on electromigration in mobile technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 011101 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Tu ◽  
Yingxia Liu ◽  
Menglu Li
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Joule Heating ◽  
Current Crowding

Nanoscale Joule heating, Peltier cooling and current crowding at graphene–metal contacts

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle L. Grosse ◽  
Myung-Ho Bae ◽  
Feifei Lian ◽  
Eric Pop ◽  
William P. King
Keyword(s):  
Joule Heating ◽  
Current Crowding ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Peltier Cooling

Effects of Current Crowding and Joule Heating on Reliability of Solder Joints

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Liang ◽  
S. H. Chiu ◽  
Chih Chen ◽  
Shinichi Ogawa ◽  
Paul S. Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joule Heating ◽  
Solder Joints ◽  
Current Crowding ◽  
Reliability Of Solder Joints

Influence of Cu column under-bump-metallizations on current crowding and Joule heating effects of electromigration in flip-chip solder joints

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 043705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Liang ◽  
W. A. Tsao ◽  
Chih Chen ◽  
Da-Jeng Yao ◽  
Annie T. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joule Heating ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Solder Joints ◽  
Current Crowding ◽  
Heating Effects

Joule Heating and Thermal Conductivity Determination of Nanoscale Metallic Thin Films and Interconnects

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva P. Gurrum ◽  
William P. King ◽  
Yogendra K. Joshi ◽  
Koneru Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Free Path ◽  
Joule Heating ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Current Crowding ◽  
Metal Line ◽  
Thin Metallic Film

Evolution of high performance microprocessors has resulted in a steady decrease in on-chip feature sizes. Increasing requirements on maximum current density are expected to increase interconnect temperature drastically due to Joule heating. As interconnect dimensions approach the electron mean free path range, effective conductivity reduces due to size effects. Thermal characterization of sub-micron interconnects and thin films is thus highly important. This work investigates current crowding and the associated Joule heating near a constriction in a thin metallic film and proposes a novel technique to determine thermal conductivity of thin metallic films and interconnects in the sub-100 nm range. Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy (SJEM) measures the thermal expansion of the structure whose thickness is comparable to the mean free path of electrons. Numerical solution of heat conduction equation in the frequency space is used to obtain a fit for effective thermal conductivity. A thermal conductivity of ~ 80.0 W/mK provides a best fit to the data. This is about one-third the bulk thermal conductivity of gold, which is 318 W/mK at room temperature. Using Wiedemann-Franz Law a thermal conductivity of 92.0 W/mK is obtained after measuring the electrical resistivity of the metal line. This is close to that obtained through numerical fit.

High-Resolution Study of Light and Heat Patterns in Infrared Emitting Devices

2002 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.K. Malyutenko
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Joule Heating ◽  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Infrared Lasers ◽  
Current Crowding ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Heat Spreading ◽  
Resolution Study

ABSTRACTWe report on light and heat distributions in the active area of infrared lasers and light-emitting diodes operating at 300 K in the 0, 8–4,7 μm spectral range. To separate light and heat produced by these devices, we developed a high-resolution multi-spectral infrared (<1 m, 3–5 m and 8–12 m ranges) “vision” facility capable of providing <20 m spatial resolution and 10 s temporal resolution. We show how current crowding and Joule heating combined drastically decrease integral power emitted by light-emitting diodes and provoke remarkable non-uniformity in light and heat maps. As concerning stripe lasers, we comment on heat spreading and heat bottlenecks inside the laser dome and quality of heat sink.

AAC Decision-Making and Mobile Technology: Points to Ponder

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Abbott ◽  
Debby McBride
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Ipod Touch ◽  
Feature Match

The purpose of this article is to outline a decision-making process and highlight which portions of the augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) evaluation process deserve special attention when deciding which features are required for a communication system in order to provide optimal benefit for the user. The clinician then will be able to use a feature-match approach as part of the decision-making process to determine whether mobile technology or a dedicated device is the best choice for communication. The term mobile technology will be used to describe off-the-shelf, commercially available, tablet-style devices like an iPhone®, iPod Touch®, iPad®, and Android® or Windows® tablet.

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