Effect of finisher diets treated with organic acids on carcass and internal organs of broiler chickens

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different organic acids (OAs) on carcass yield and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens. The OAs were ethanoic acid (acetic acid - AA), butanoic acid (butyric acid - BA), citric acid (CA) and methanoic acid (formic acid - FA). One hundred and fifty (150) day old AborAcre-plus chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments. Diet 1 which served as control (CON) contained no OAs, while 0.25% of AA, BA, CA and FA replaced palm kernel cake in diets 2 – 5. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate, arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Diets were both isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks during the finisher phase. Feed and water were given ad libitum. At the end of 4 weeks, 3 birds from each replicate giving a total of 9 birds per treatment were slaughtered for carcass and internal organ evaluation. Result from the carcass evaluation showed that dressed carcass, breast, thigh, wing and drumstick of OA treated groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different from the control. The backcut was significantly (P<0.05) heavier in control than in AA and CA. Abdominal fat in birds fed OAs was statistically similar to the control. The liver weight was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by BA and FA while the weight of spleen was reduced (P<0.05) by all the OAs. The caecum and the large intestine were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged in the control. There was non effect (P>0.05) on other internal organs.

Copper Catalyzed Autoxidation of Sulphur Dioxide and Inhibition by Methanoic Acid

Background:: Today, acid rain problem is one of the serious global problems to the environment in which pH of the rain water decreases, causing harmful effect to nature, buildings, monuments, vegetation and human being as well. Therefore, the objective of the paper to find out some organic inhibitors present in the atmosphere that inhibited the acid rain. Objective:: In this paper, we studied the chemistry of Cu (II)-methanoic acid-S(IV)-O2 in acetate buffered medium by earlier reported methods in literature. Gravimetric analysis was carried out to find the end product and confirmed that it was sulphate with 98 % recovery. Methods:: Experiments were carried out at 303 ≤ T/K ≤ 313, 4.0 ≤ pH ≤ 5.35, 1.0×10−3 mol/dm3 ≤ S(IV) ≤ 10.0×10−3 mol/dm3, 5×10−6 mol/dm3 ≤ [Cu(II)] ≤ 2.5×10−5 mol/dm3, 6×10−6 mol/dm3≤[methanoic acid]≤7×10-4 mol/dm3. The value of apparent activation energy and inhibition parameter B was calculated in the presence of methanoic acid found as 29.07 kJ mol-1and 3.18 x 103 mol dm-3, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters were found as frequency factor (1.59 x 10-6s-1), entropy (-358.92 J K-1 mol-1), enthalpy (20.97 k J mol-1), and Gibbs free energy (172.83k J mol-1), respectively. Results:: We observed that methanoic acid acts as an inhibitor in copper catalyzed autoxidation of SO2 in acidic medium. Therefore, on the basis of the observed results a free radical mechanism has been identified. The results are useful for modeling rain water acidity and therefore a great use of meteorology and atmospheric chemistry. This study is important in understanding the mechanism of the oxidation of S(IV) by O2. Conclusion:: This study suggests that since organic inhibitors are found in the atmosphere, their concentrations and their influence on the oxidation of aqueous SO2 should be taken into account. The intervention of methanoic acid in the autoxidation of aqueous SO2 plays a role in deciding the fate of both methanoic acid and SO2. The influence of inhibitors may be used to calculate the lifetime of SO2, Methanoic acid has high values of kinh and, therefore, it would be degraded by sulfate radical anions in atmospheric waters.

Photocatalytic abatement of o-xylene using adsorption enhanced ZnO/GAC catalyst in a continuous flow reactor: Catalytic potential, Fate of o-xylene and its by-products

Photocatalytic abatement of o-xylene was investigated by immobilized ZnO on granular activated carbon (ZnO/GAC) under UV irradiation. Immobilization of ZnO increased the breakthrough time and removal capacity by 51 and 57%, respectively, in optimal conditions. The catalytic potential of the ZnO/GAC (86.5%) for o-xylene removal was far greater than simple GAC (13.5%), at the optimum condition. The maximum removal capacity with ZnO/GAC (3.12g o-xylene /gZnO/GAC) was observed at 100 °C, while the maximum removal capacity of simple GAC (1.37 g o-xylene/g GAC) was observed a t 20 °C. The main intermediates of the o-xylene oxidation in photocatalytic process with GAC were methanoic acid, o-nitro-p-cresol, phenylmethanal, and methyl di-phenyl-methane. ZnO/GAC can highly catalyze the degradation of o-xylene in the presence of UV, with methanoic acid being the major intermediate desorbed from the bed. The results demonstrated that the ZnO/GAC is an efficient option for the removal of VOCs and biohazards emitted from industrial streams.

A study of Moroccan pupils' difficulties at second Baccalaureat year in solving chemistry problems relating to the reactivity of ethanoate ions and to copper–aluminium cells

This paper investigates the difficulties that Moroccan pupils (18–19) of the second Baccalaureat year encountered in solving chemical equilibrium problems relating to ethanoate ions' reactivity with water and methanoic acid, and to copper–aluminum cells. The pupils were asked to provide answers to questions derived from two problems. The questions were classified into different tasks according to whether their answers required declarative and (or) procedural knowledge. The written responses evaluated and counted as the percentage of successful, failed and unprocessed tasks revealed that pupils completed with success tasks on the reactivity of ethanoate ions with water more easily than those of two other studied cases. The pupils encountered difficulties in appropriating procedural knowledge on equilibriums involved in ethanoate ions' reactivity with methanoic acid and in copper–aluminum cells. The impact of the tasks' organization on knowledge development seems to be not verified as it was shown in the hierarchy prevalence of problems from simple to complex ones.

The Promotion Effect and Mechanism of Methanoic Acid on the Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Fulvic Acid

A significant promotion effect of methanoic acid (MA) was proposed in the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of fulvic acid (FA) and the degradation mechanism was also discussed. The PEC degradation property of FA and MA was investigated by an assembled thin-layer PEC reactor in which photoanode is TiO2nanotube arrays (TNAs) material. The result shows that only about 40% of FA was degraded, while MA could be completely degraded at the same condition. When mixing MA with FA, it shows a significant improvement in the degradation of FA. For instance, 50 mg/L FA mixed with 45 mg/L MA could achieve exhausted degradation. The results could be attributed to the promotion effect of MA that enhanced the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which maintain the continuous degradation of both FA and the intermediate products during the PEC process. This study proposed a new way of promoting the PEC degradation of FA as well as removing humus from the polluted water.

Detection of the Antibiotic TMP in the Water with HPLC-DAD

Thispaper studies the method of detecting antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) in theenvironment water, sewage and tap water with high performance liquidchromatography –diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The chromatographic conditionis confirmed that: the stationary phase is ODS, the mobile phase is acetonitrileand methanoic acid aqueous solution of 0.1%（12:88）, the flow rate is 1.5min·L-1; theinjection volume is 5μL，the chromatographic column temperature is 25°C,DAD detection wavelength is 272nm. The experiment result shows that, the linearlydependent coefficient of external standard curve is 0.996, the detection limitis 0.017 mg·L-1, adding standard recovery ranges from 92.6-140.6 ％.

Preparation of C Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts and their Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

TiO2 doped with C was obtained by way of immersion and calcinations method by using citric acid (CA) as dopant material.，and characterized by using XPS、XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR and SPS. The results of analysis and characterization showed that C substituted partial Ti atoms in the lattice of TiO2 and formed Ti-O-C structure. The photocatalytic properties of C-TiO2 photocatalysts had been evidently improved as a result of a noticeable shift to visible region and the enhancement of the charge separation efficiency. The doped carbon lowers the band gap and expends the absorption of visible light region. CO2 was photocatalytically reduced to form HCOOH by the best C-TiO2-3/1-600 nanoparticles under the irradiation of the simulated daylight lamp. Methanoic acid yield may achieve 2633.98μmol/g-Cat when irradiation time is six hours.