Potassium Iodate: A New Versatile Reagent to Determine the Iodine Value of Edible Oils

Iodine value is regarded as one of the essential parameters to establish edible oils' quality and identity. The research paper describes a simple visual titrating procedure to ascertain the iodine number of oils. The method involves adding potassium iodate to polyunsaturated constituents (alkene double bonds) in fatty material along with ethanoic acid, followed by the determination of unreacted potassium iodate by titrating against a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate in the presence of potassium iodide via the iodometric method. The iodine value of various edible oils determined by the new reagent potassium iodate was found to agree with the results of standard methods like the Hnaus method.

Water–assisted proton conductivity of two lanthanide-based supramolecules

By using a multifunctional organic ligand, 2-(3-benzoylthioureido)ethanoic acid (H3L) and a N-containing ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) and two kinds of lanthanides (Gd(III) and Ho(III)), two binuclear supramolecules, [Gd2(2-H2L)2(H2L)2(Phen)2(NO3)2(CH3OH)] (1) and [Ho2(2-H2L)2(H2L)2(Phen)2(NO3)2(CH3OH)]...

Effect of finisher diets treated with organic acids on carcass and internal organs of broiler chickens

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different organic acids (OAs) on carcass yield and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens. The OAs were ethanoic acid (acetic acid - AA), butanoic acid (butyric acid - BA), citric acid (CA) and methanoic acid (formic acid - FA). One hundred and fifty (150) day old AborAcre-plus chicks were used. There were five dietary treatments. Diet 1 which served as control (CON) contained no OAs, while 0.25% of AA, BA, CA and FA replaced palm kernel cake in diets 2 – 5. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate, arranged in completely randomized design (CRD). Diets were both isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks during the finisher phase. Feed and water were given ad libitum. At the end of 4 weeks, 3 birds from each replicate giving a total of 9 birds per treatment were slaughtered for carcass and internal organ evaluation. Result from the carcass evaluation showed that dressed carcass, breast, thigh, wing and drumstick of OA treated groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different from the control. The backcut was significantly (P<0.05) heavier in control than in AA and CA. Abdominal fat in birds fed OAs was statistically similar to the control. The liver weight was significantly (P<0.05) reduced by BA and FA while the weight of spleen was reduced (P<0.05) by all the OAs. The caecum and the large intestine were significantly (P<0.05) enlarged in the control. There was non effect (P>0.05) on other internal organs.

Two conformational polymorphs of 4-methylhippuric acid

4-Methylhippuric acid {systematic name: 2-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]ethanoic acid}, a p-xylene excreted metabolite with a backbone containing three rotatable bonds (R-bonds), is likely to produce more than one stable molecular structure in the solid state. In this work, we prepared polymorph I by slow solvent evaporation (plates with Z′ = 1) and polymorph II by mechanical grinding (plates with Z′ = 2). Potential energy surface (PES) analysis, rotating the molecule about the C—C—N—C torsion angle, shows four conformational energy basins. The second basin, with torsion angles near −73°, agree with the conformations adopted by polymorph I and molecules A of polymorph II, and the third basin at 57° matched molecules B of polymorph II. The energy barrier between these basins is 27.5 kJ mol−1. Superposition of the molecules of polymorphs I and II rendered a maximum r.m.s. deviation of 0.398 Å. Polymorphs I and II are therefore true conformational polymorphs. The crystal packing of polymorph I consists of C(5) chains linked by N—H...O interactions along the a axis and C(7) chains linked by O—H...O interactions along the b axis. In polymorph II, two molecules (A with A or B with B) are connected by two acid–amide O—H...O interactions rendering R 2 2(14) centrosymmetric dimers. These dimers alternate to pile up along the b axis linked by N—H...O interactions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis localized weaker noncovalent interactions, C—H...O and C—H...π, with contact distances close to the sum of the van der Waals radii. Electron density at a local level using the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and the Electron Localization Function (ELF), or a semi-local level using noncovalent interactions, was used to rank interactions. Strong closed shell interactions in classical O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds have electron density highly localized on bond critical points. Weaker delocalized electron density is seen around the p-methylphenyl rings associated with dispersive C—H...π and H...H interactions.

THE EFFECT OF ORGANOSOLV TREATMENT ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PULP AND PAPER FROM HORSE GRASS (ANDROPOGON TECTORUM).

The delignification of horse grass (HG) was carried out using methanol and water (organosolv pulping); varying the cooking conditions at 30min, 60min and 90min with ratios: 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, Methanol-water, cooked in autoclave at 1050C. The pulp obtained were selected and macerated in equal volume of glacial acetic acid (ethanoic acid) and hydrogen peroxide (1:1) at a temperature 1000C, to investigate the fiber length; fiber diameter; lumen with their derived indices and paper strength properties was determined according to TAPPI standard methods, T 494 om-96. The best fiber length of 3.21mm, tear index 31.43 mN.m2/g, tensile index 97.79Nm/g and bulk index 5.15 kPa.m2/g was obtained at 1:3 methanol: H2O at 105°C with cooking time of 60 min. Therefore, it was established that high quality papers of different grades can be produced from horse grass with acceptable strength properties using low concentration of methanol/water pulping with moderate time at boiling temperature. The research concluded that methanol-water was excellently good for pulping of horse grass fibers. The above results showed that horse grass is a good alternative sources of fibers to produce pulp and paper.

Profil GCMS Senyawa Kimia Ekstrak Metanol Isolat Cendawan Entomopatogen Beauveria Bassiana Dan Akar Cabai Sebagai Pemacu Pertumbuhan Cabai

The aim of this study was to identify the chemical compound methanol extract of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana from insect walang sangit and the chemical compound roots of red chili plants that were able to stimulate the growth of chilli plants after being applied with entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana through seed immersion inoculation using GCMS method. The chemical compound identified as a growth booster in B. bassiana fungus isolates from the insect walang sangit is an Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Ethylic acid Glacial acetic acid CH3COOH, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) Methylpalmitate Uniphat A60, n-Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid n-Hexadecoic acid Palmitic acid, Dianhydromannitol and Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3.beta., 22E) - (CAS) Ergosterol (CAS), while the chili root contains Acetic acid Ethanoic acid Ethylic acid Glacials acetic acid CH3COOH, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) Methyl palmitate Uniphat A60, n -Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid, 8, 11- octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (CAS) METHYL 8, 11-OCTADECADIENOATE, (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol.s It can be concluded that some of the chemical compounds in methanol extracts identified in chili roots have similarities with chemical compounds that exist in B. bassiana entomopathogenic fungus which are potential as stimulers of chili plant growth

The Role of Marine Organic Extract in Bone Regeneration: A Pilot Study

Novel biomaterials capable of accelerating the healing process of skeletal tissues are urgently needed in dentistry. The present in vivo study assessed the osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties of experimental biphasic bioceramics (HA-TCP) modified or not by a nacre extract (marine organic extract, MOE) in a sheep model. Fabrication of MOE involved mixing ground nacre (0.05 g, particle sizes < 0.1 mm) with glacial ethanoic acid (5 mL, pH 7) for 72 hours using external magnetic stirring (25°C). Nonreactive carriers (sterile polythene tubes; 3/animal, radius: 2.5 mm, length: 10.0 mm) pertaining to the control (empty) or experimental groups (HA-TCP or MOE-modified HA-TCP) were implanted intramuscularly into the abdominal segment of the torso in sheep (n = 8, age: 2 years, weight: 45 kg). Euthanization of animals was performed at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Tissues harvested were subjected to macroscopic and radiographic assessments. Specimens were then stained for histological analysis. Both control and experimental animals were capable of inducing the neoformation of fibrous connective tissue at both time points where superior amounts of tissue formation and mineralization were detected for experimental groups (unaltered (at 3 and 6 mos) and MOE-modified HA-TCP (at 3 mos)). Histological results, however, revealed that mature bone formation was only observed for specimens fabricated with MOE-modified HA-TCP in a time-dependent manner. The present study has successfully demonstrated the in vivo utility of experimental biphasic bioceramics modified by MOE in an ectopic grafting sheep model. Promising osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties must be further developed and confirmed by subsequent research.