Maturation, developmental site, and pathology dictate murine neutrophil function

Neutrophils have been implicated in poor outcomes in cancer and severe inflammation. We found that neutrophils expressing intermediate levels of Ly6G (Ly6GInt) were present in mouse cancer models and more abundant in those with high rates of spontaneous metastasis. Maturation, age, tissue localization and functional capacity all drive neutrophil heterogeneity. Recent studies have proposed various markers to distinguish between these heterogeneous sub-populations; however, these markers are limited to specific models of inflammation and cancer. Here, we identify and define Ly6G expression level as a robust and reliable marker to distinguish neutrophils at different stages of maturation. Ly6GInt neutrophils were bona fide immature neutrophils with reduced immune regulatory and adhesion capacity. Whereas the bone marrow is a more recognised site of granulopoiesis, the spleen also produces neutrophils in homeostasis and cancer. Strikingly, neutrophils matured faster in the spleen than in the bone marrow with unique transcriptional profiles. We propose that developmental origin is critical in neutrophil identity and postulate that neutrophils that develop in the spleen supplement the bone marrow by providing an intermediate more mature reserve before emergency haematopoiesis.

Refining the genomic location of SNP variation affecting Atlantic salmon maturation timing at a key large-effect locus

Efforts to understand the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic variation often lead to the identification of candidate regions showing signals of association and/or selection. These regions may contain multiple genes and therefore validation of which genes are actually responsible for the signal is required. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a large-effect locus for maturation timing occurs in a genomic region including two candidate genes, vgll3 and akap11, but data for clearly determining which of the genes (or both) contribute to the association have been lacking. Here, we take advantage of natural recombination events detected between the two candidate genes in a salmon broodstock to reduce linkage disequilibrium at the locus, and thus enabling delineation of the influence of variation at these two genes on maturation timing. By rearing 5895 males to maturation age, of which 81% had recombinant vgll3/akap11 allelic combinations, we found that vgll3 SNP variation was strongly associated with maturation timing, whereas there was little or no association between akap11 SNP variation and maturation timing. These findings provide strong evidence supporting vgll3 as the primary candidate gene in the chromosome 25 locus for influencing maturation timing. This will help guide future research for understanding the genetic processes controlling maturation timing. This also exemplifies the utility of natural recombinants to more precisely map causal variation underlying phenotypic diversity.

Maturation reaction norm evolution under varying conditions of eco-evolutionary change

Probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs) are commonly used to infer evolution of maturation age and size in wild fish stocks, but how well estimates from phenotypic data actually reflect underlying genotypes is debated. We used an eco-genetic model of a commercially harvested freshwater fish to simulate populations undergoing various levels of fisheries-induced evolution and density-dependent feedback and evaluated effects on the estimation of PMRNs. We estimated PMRNs from phenotypic data sampled from simulated populations (age, length, and maturation status of individuals), as is done on wild stocks, and compared estimates with the known maturation genotypes of individuals in the simulated population. PMRN estimates were robust to changes in the strength of density-dependent growth and high levels of fisheries-induced evolution. However, our ability to detect slower rates of evolution was limited, especially when individuals matured within a narrow range of ages. This study suggests that the widely applied method of estimating PMRNs from readily available phenotypic data to detect underlying evolution of maturation schedule is robust to some key factors that vary in wild populations.

Modulation of odour-guided behaviour in mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are emerging as model systems with which to study innate behaviours through neuroethology and functional genomics. Decades of work on these disease vectors have provided a solid behavioural framework describing the distinct repertoire of predominantly odour-mediated behaviours of female mosquitoes, and their dependence on life stage (intrinsic factors) and environmental cues (extrinsic factors). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how intrinsic factors, including adult maturation, age, nutritional status, and infection, affect the attraction to plants and feeding on plant fluids, host seeking, blood feeding, supplemental feeding behaviours, pre-oviposition behaviour, and oviposition in female mosquitoes. With the technological advancements in the recent two decades, we have gained a better understanding of which volatile organic compounds are used by mosquitoes to recognise and discriminate among various fitness-enhancing resources, and characterised their neural and molecular correlates. In this review, we present the state of the art of the peripheral olfactory system as described by the neural physiology, functional genomics, and genetics underlying the demonstrated changes in the behavioural repertoire in female mosquitoes. The review is meant as a summary introduction to the current conceptual thinking in the field.

Life history genomic regions explain differences in Atlantic salmon marine diet specialization

Animals employ various foraging strategies along their ontogeny to acquire energy, and with varying degree of efficiencies, to support growth, maturation and subsequent reproduction events. Individuals that can efficiently acquire energy early are more likely to mature at an earlier age, as a result of faster energy gain which can fuel maturation and reproduction.We aimed to test the hypothesis that heritable resource acquisition variation that co-varies with efficiency along the ontogeny would influence maturation timing of individuals.To test this hypothesis, we utilized Atlantic salmon as a model which exhibit a simple, hence trackable, genetic control of maturation age. We then monitored the variation in diet acquisition (quantified as the stomach fullness and composition) of individuals with different ages, and linked it genomic regions (haploblocks) that were previously identified to be associated with age-at-maturity.Consistent with the hypothesis, we demonstrated that one of the life history genomic regions tested (six6) was indeed associated with age-dependent differences in stomach fullness. Prey composition was marginally linked to both genomic regions (six6 and vgll3). We further showed Atlantic salmon switched to the so-called “feast and famine” strategy along the ontogeny, where older age groups exhibited heavier stomach content, but that came at the expense of running on empty more often.These results suggest genetic variation underlying resource utilization variation may explain the genetic basis of age structure in Atlantic salmon. Given that ontogenetic diet has a genetic component and the strong spatial diversity associated with these genomic regions, we predict populations with diverse maturation age will have diverse evolutionary responses to future changes in marine food-web structures.

Hubungan antara Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sosial Budaya dengan Sikap Remaja terkait Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan

In Indonesia, there are still many couples who married first at a young age and not in accordance with health policy. The desire to maturing age of marriage can be hampered because of low knowledge about impact of marriage in young age and number of young marriage around adolescents. The aims of this survey was to analyzed the correlation among knowledge and social culture with attitudes related to maturation age of marriage. This study use an observational research with crossectional design. This research was conducted in Tri karya high school on 9th September 2017 and used 37 students as sample. Technique of sampling used simple random sampling. Questionnaires is used to obtained the data and chi square test is used to analyzed research data. The level of knowledge, cultural and adolescent attitudes related to maturing age of marriage are variables in this study. The result of chi square test between knowledge level and adolescent attitude showed no significant relationship (p = 0.155 > α, α = 0.05). Analysis of the relationship between social culture with adolescent attitudes has significant relationship (p = 0.002 < α, α = 0.05). The conclusion in this research is knowledge level hasn’t significant correlation with adolescent attitude. Culture has a significant relationship with adolescent attitudes. An understanding about the ideal age for marriage need to be given by parents to their children. Primary Health Center can create Integrated Service for teens and socialization about maturation age of marriage can be done through it.

Why and how we estimate the growth rate of fish? Practical aspect: Does the preservative size of barbel Barbus barbus is defined properly in Poland?

Based on fish scales, we can determine the age of fish, as well as the rate of growth of the individual from birth until the time of capture. The paper presents a method for determining the rate of growth of fish and the example of their practical application to determine the protective size limit of fish, on the example of barbel in Poland. The available data on the growth rate of barbel in Polish rivers, based on 12 field surveys carried out in 1948–2004 was compared. The growth rate of barbel in different habitats is variable. Barbel growth depends on the size of the river and thermal conditions. The results were compared with maturation age of barbel. Protective size limit definited for barbel, which is 40 cm, is correct. All populations of barbel can reproduce at least once before they reach the preservative size. Most of the populations may reproduce at least two or three times.

Attitude, Family Suport Towards The Maturation Age Of Marriage And Unwanted Pregnancy

Nowadays, reproductive health behavior among adolescents are considered less likely to support the realization of qualifiable youth. The decreased quality of adolescent life adversely affect the quality of the family both at present and in the future. The data of cross-sectoral collaborative program between Marriage Registry Office and Public Health Center in 2011 at work area of Sungai Kakap shows that 26 out of 178 brides were tested positive for pregnancy. Unfortunately, 18 of these brides were still at the age of adolescents. Meanwhile, in 2012, 27 out of 153 brides were also tested positive for pregnancy before got married. More unfortunately, 25 of 27 brides were also still at the age of adolescents. Therefore, this study is aimed at discovering the correlation of attitude, family support towards the maturation age of marriage, and unwanted pregnancy at work area of Puskesmas Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya of 2013. An observational analytic design and cross sectional approach were carried out in this study. Then, the data was statistically tested by using chi square test. Number of samples in this study were 88 brides at work area of Sungai Kakap. The results showed an attitude (p value = 0,019) and family support (p value = 0,024). Concluded that there is correlation of attitude family support towards the maturation age of marriage, and unwanted pregnancy