MARGINALISASI PEREMPUAN DALAM PERKAWINAN (TELAAH ATAS NIKAH SIRRI DAN NIKAH ANAK DI BAWA USIA PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM)

Marginalization of women in marriage is an issue that always invites debate among Islamic law thinkers, given the ever-changing social conditions of society so that the laws and regulations governing marital problems underwent the first amendment in 2019. This paper focuses on how the position of women in unregistered marriages and child marriages in Islamic law perspective. With a normative approach and legal sociology, this paper confirms a conclusion that the position of women in unregistered marriages and child marriages is very vulnerable to obtaining legal certainty and justice. Even though it is said that child marriage in under age, the original law is permissible according to Islamic law, but it does not mean that it is absolutely permissible for all women in all circumstances. Because in some women there are several conditions that indicate that it is better for her not to marry at an early age. Likewise, unregistered marriages are legally valid according to Islamic law because they have fulfilled the requirements and pillars of marriage, but have not received recognition from the state which results in legal uncertainty for the status of marriage and children born from the marriage. Therefore, Indonesia as a state of law, regulates matters relating to this matter. Namely by requiring the registring of every marriage held and amending the articles of legislation governing the provisions of the age of marriage in order to ensure legal protection and benefit for the parties bound in a marriage bond, especially for wives and children born from marriages. Abstrak Marginalisasi perempuan dalam perkawinan merupakan isu yang selalu mengundang perdebatan di kalangan pemikir hukum Islam, mengingat kondisi sosial masyarakat yang selalu berubah sehingga peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur masalah perkawinan mengalami amandemen pertama pada tahun 2019. Tulisan ini fokus pada bagaimana kedudukan perempuan dalam nikah sirri dan nikah anak di bawah usia dalam perspektif hukum Islam. Dengan pendekatan normativitas dan sosiologi hukum tulisan ini menegaskan suatu kesimpulan bahwa kedudukan perempuan dalam perkawinan sirri dan perkawinan anak di bawah usia sangatlah rentan untuk memperoleh kepastian dan keadilan hukum. Sekalipun dikatakan bahwa perkawinan anak di bawah usia, hukum asalnya diperbolehkan menurut syariat Islam, tetapi tidak berarti ia di bolehkan secara mutlak bagi semua perempuan dalam semua keadaan. Sebab pada sebagian perempuan terdapat beberapa kondisi yang menunjukkan bahwa lebih baik ia tidak menikah pada usia dini. Begitupun dengan nikah sirri yang hukumnya sah menurut syariat Islam karena telah memenuhi syarat-syarat dan rukun nikah, akan tetapi tidak memperoleh pengakuan dari negara yang mengakibatkan ketidakpastian hukum bagi status perkawinan dan anak yang lahir dari perkawinan tersebut. Oleh karenanya Indonesia sebagai negara hukum, mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan hal ini. Yaitu dengan mengharuskan pencatatan terhadap setiap perkawinan yang diselenggarakan serta mengamandemen pasal-pasal peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang ketentuan umur perkawinan guna menjamin perlindungan hukum dan kemaslahatan bagi pihak-pihak yang terikat dalam suatu ikatan perkawinan, khususnya bagi istri dan anak yang lahir dari perkawinan tersebut.

PERTIMBANGAN HAKIM TERHADAP DISPENSASI NIKAH DI BAWAH UMUR (STUDI KASUS PENGADILAN AGAMA PARIGI)

This study examines the judge's considerations in resolving marriage dispensation cases at the Parigi Religious Court. This research includes field research with qualitative methods. Data was collected through documentation studies, interviews, and observations. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, data interpretation, and drawing conclusions. The background of this research is Law No. 16 of 2019 Article 7 paragraph 1 regarding the minimum age of marriage, which is 19 years for men and women, as well as paragraphs 2 & 3 regarding the granting of marriage dispensation with very urgent reasons. The description in this journal departs from the factors that form the background of the application for a marriage dispensation and how judges consider in resolving a marriage dispensation case at the Parigi Religious Court. The results showed that the background of the application for marriage dispensation at the Parigi Religious Court was due to pregnancy outside of marriage, arranged marriages, and reasons to avoid adultery. The considerations made by the judge are through the principle of expediency, the necessity to refuse harm, the interests of the child and baby in the womb, and the legal compliance of the family. From the conclusions obtained, it is recommended that the government and community organizations intensively conduct speeches and counseling about the dangers of early marriage in the community, as well as increase parental and family supervision of the association and development of children. Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pertimbangan hakim dalam penyelesaian perkara dispensasi nikah di Pengadilan Agama Parigi. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian lapangan dengan metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi dokumentasi, wawancara, dan observasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi data, penyajian data, penafsiran data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah Undang-Undang No 16 Tahun 2019 Pasal 7 ayat 1 mengenai umur minimal pernikahan yaitu 19 tahun bagi pria dan wanita, serta ayat 2 & 3 mengenai pemberian dispensasi nikah dengan alasan sangat mendesak. Uraian dalam jurnal ini berangkat dari faktor-faktor yang menjadi latar belakang permohonan dispensasi nikah dan bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam menyelesaikan perkara dispensasi nikah di Pengadilan Agama Parigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa latar belakang permohonan dispensasi nikah di Pengadilan Agama Parigi akibat kondisi hamil di luar nikah, perjodohan, dan alasan menghindari zina. Adapun pertimbangan yang dilakukan hakim yaitu melalui asas kemanfaatan, keharusan untuk menolak mudharat, kepentingan anak dan bayi dalam kandungan, serta kepatuhan hukum pihak keluarga. Dari kesimpulan yang diperoleh, disarankan agar pemerintah serta organisasi kemasyarakatan gencar melakukan orasi dan penyuluhan tentang bahaya menikah dini di tengah masyarakat, serta meningkatkan pengawasan orang tua dan keluarga terhadap pergaulan dan perkembangan anak.

Intervensi Rendahnya Cakupan Keluarga Berencana dengan Penyuluhan, Pembagian Brosur dan Pemasangan Spanduk

<em>Family planning is an increase in community awareness and participation through maturing the age of marriage, birth control, fostering family resilience, increasing family welfare to create a small, happy and prosperous family. Belawan II Village, Medan Belawan District, where most of the population lives as fishermen and laborers with a medium economic level, very dense population settlements, surrounded by wide beaches and lack of public awareness and knowledge about family planning to make family planning coverage in the village. This is still low, namely 40% of the total couples of childbearing age. From the results of the observations of the puskesmas in accordance with the indicators of healthy families, it was found that the family index value based on families participating in the family planning program was 33%. The intervention carried out to overcome this problem was to provide counseling about family planning, distribution of posters and installation of banners as a form of family planning campaign. Counseling was carried out to 73 heads of families. All the families who attended were very enthusiastic about participating in the counseling. The distribution of posters and banners is done to serve as a reminder to the public about the importance of family planning. The results of the evaluation of this activity indicate a change in public knowledge about family planning.</em>

The Influence of Cultural Factors, Social Factors, and Personal Factors against Customer Purchase Decisions in Using Wedding Services Organizer in Surabaya

Wedding organizer services are needed and sought to help resolve problems owned by the prospective bride and groom. This study aims to examine and analyze cultural factors, social factors and personal factors as variables that influence customer purchasing decisions in using wedding organizer services in Surabaya. This type of research is quantitative, the sampling technique used is purposive sampling in the form of a number questionnaire where the population is unknown. By using the criteria of respondents who are married and the age of marriage that runs a maximum of 5 (five) years and uses the services of a wedding organizer. A sample of 97 respondents was obtained from the calculation of the formula unknown population. The results obtained that cultural factors have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions. But social factors and personal factors partially do not significantly influence the purchase decision. So business managers must improve their outlook on finding clients and improving the quality of services so that customers are easier to choose these services.

Gender Equality: Challenges toward Efforts to Minimize Child Marriage in Indonesia during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The practice of child marriage in Indonesia is a serious problem that must be resolved. This is a problem faced in various countries in the world. The SDG's programs include achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls, with a target to achieve the abolition of child marriage by 2030. The research method used is a social-legal approach. The purpose of this study is to find out the government's efforts in overcoming the problem of gender inequality in the age requirements for marriage in Indonesia and the application for dispensation for marriage during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The old Marriage Law stipulates that the age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women 16 years. The government then changed this provision through Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage, in which the marriage age for men and women is the same, which is 19 years. During the Covid-19 pandemic, applications for marriage dispensation in Indonesia indicated a sharp increase. This means that the application for marriage dispensation is unaffected by the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The existence of exceptions through dispensation efforts makes the requirements for the age of marriage can still be deviated, so that gender equality, which is expected to minimize child marriages above, cannot be realized or cannot be carried out as desired.

Marital Age and Fertility Consequences among Rural and Urban Women

Background: In Bangladesh, marriage has been nearly universal. The legal age of marriage in Bangladesh is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. However, about two-thirds of the women aged 20-24 were married before age 18. Despite some successes, the society is still facing the practices of early marriage severely. Therefore, new policy perspectives, new programs and new dimension of study are needed to know the real facts regarding early marriage and take possible strategies and actions to way forward.

Dampak Perkawinan Anak dan Perceraian: Studi Kasus Komunitas Samin di Kudus Jawa Tengah

This paper is a qualitative research based on observation and interview among Samin community in Kudus. The purpose of this study is presenting unregistered marriage among Samin community. Samin community is the descendants and followers of Ki Samin Surosentiko, renowned for his nonconformity against the Dutch since 1840s. Following the teaching, Samin people do not registered their marriage and thus they do not feel necessary to obey the government regulation on the minimum age of marriage. The marriage among Samin community will be performed once a girl and a boy perceived to be ready. There are three stages of maturity: adam timur, adam brahi and wong sikep kukuh wali adam. This understanding may lead to child marriage and among its negative impact is divorce. The consequences of unregistered marriage go further to dispute of marital property, right of guardianship, and even conflict between relatives. Nowadays, some Samin people try to find a way to register their marriage in order to get a marriage certificate from the Office of Civil Administration of Kudus. The government needs to pay more attention to the phenomena

Child marriage and infant mortality: causal evidence from Ethiopia

This study assesses the causal effect of child marriage on infant mortality. Using age discontinuities in exposure to a law that raised the legal age of marriage for women in Ethiopia, the study estimates that a 1-year delay in a woman’s age at cohabitation during her teenage years reduces the probability of her first-born child dying during infancy by 3.8 percentage points. This impact is closely linked to the effect of delaying cohabitation on women’s age at first birth.

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN REMAJA DALAM PENDEWASAAN USIA PERKAWINAN

This research aims to develop a model instrument for adolescent health education in maturing the age of marriage. At adolescence, the female reproductive organs are psychologically well developed and strong and ready to give birth to offspring and physically begin to mature. For that, it needs a method of health education that can reach teenagers. This research used a development method that also includes the instrument standardization process. The model used is a 4-D model development consisting of define, design, develop, and disseminate. The subjects of this study consisted of adolescents aged 10-15 years and 16-21 years in Tangerang City. The sample was selected in this study through cluster random sampling technique. This study indicates that reproductive health education can increase the knowledge of adolescents in Tangerang City about maturing the age of marriage. Health education activities through reproductive education have shown quite effective results in increasing adolescent knowledge about maturing age at marriage. At the pretest, adolescents' knowledge was included in the poor category because the teenagers had not received direct information about maturing age at marriage. However, indirectly some teenagers get information from the mass media without further knowledge, namely at the knowing stage. However, during the posttest, there was a significant increase in respondents' knowledge about reproductive health education. Of the 13 indicators, all experienced an increase in the average value of knowledge compared to the reproductive health education pretest.