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Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ogochukwu Ozotta ◽  
Philip J. Gerla

The transport of dissolved minerals and groundwater flow plays a crucial role in the ecosystem of many wetlands. Nonetheless, installing equipment to monitor groundwater seepage is invasive, harms vegetation, and can impact biodiversity. By remotely mapping surface temperature in late summer, when there is the greatest difference between warm soil and cold groundwater, temperature patterns can expose areas with the greatest upward gradient and flow. The conventional method of using tensiometers to measure hydraulic gradient and estimate flux using Darcy’s law was applied and compared with thermal imaging to characterize groundwater seepage at two contrasting sites within a central North Dakota fen (groundwater discharge wetland). Both sites exhibited variable gradients between the shallow and deep tensiometers. The temperature trend determined from the thermal imaging showed a closer relationship to the measured hydraulic gradients at the herbaceous (Sedge) site than at the wooded (Willow) site. Saturated hydraulic conductivity K ranged from 6 × 10−5 to 2 × 10−4 m/s for the Willow site; and 6 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 m/s for Sedge site. The flux calculated for the Willow site ranged from 1.4 × 10−5 to 2.7 × 10−4 m/s and that of the Sedge site ranged from 2.2 × 10−6 to 6.3 × 10−5 m/s. The gradients are affected at shallow depth because of heterogeneous soil stratigraphy, which is likely the reason that seepage faces at the sites cannot be mapped solely by thermal imaging.


LITERA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafiek

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan alur dan isi cerita pencarian tanah hangat dan berbau harum oleh Empu Jatmaka dalam teks Hikayat Raja Banjar (HRB) dan Empu Jatmika dalam teks Tutur Candi (TC). Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sastra bandingan nusantara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode studi perbandingan. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, Saudagar Mangkubumi dalam teks HRB berpesan kepada Empu Jatmaka tentang tanah hangat dan berbau harum, sedangkan dalam teks TC, bunyi suara yang berpesan kepada Empu Jatmika tentang tanah panas dan berbau harum. Kedua, Empu Jatmaka melakukan migrasi sesuai pesan ayahnya dan pada pencarian pertama tidak berhasil, sedangkan Empu Jatmika melakukan migrasi sesuai pesan bunyi suara, beberapa kali tidak berhasil. Ketiga, Empu Jatmaka berhasil menemukannya di pulau Hujung Tanah berdasarkan pesan ayahnya pada saat tidur tengah hari, sedangkan Empu Jatmika berhasil menemukannya berdasarkan bunyi suara yang memberitahunya. Keempat, Empu Jatmaka mendirikan negeri di Hujung Tanah dan membuat candi di bekas lubang yang digali, sedangkan Empu Jatmika mendirikan negeri Candi Agung dan kerajaan serta gunung yang sangat tinggi dan besar di belakang negeri Kuripan.Kata kunci: tanah hangat, berbau harum, Hikayat Raja Banjar, Tutur Candi THE STORY OF EMPU JATMAKA’S MIGRATION IN HIKAYAT RAJA BANJAR AND TUTUR CANDIAbstractThis study aims to describe the plots and contents of the story of warm and fragrant soil search by Empu Jatmaka in the text of Hikayat Raja Banjar (HRB) and Empu Jatmika in the text of Tutur Candi (TC). The study used the theory on Indonesian comparative literature. The research method was a comparative study method. The findings are as follows. First, Saudagar Mangkubumi in the text of HRB advised Empu Jatmaka about warm and fragrant soil, whereas in the text of TC, a voice advised Empu Jatmika about hot and fragrant soil. Second, Empu Jatmaka migrated in accordance with his father’s message and the first search did not work, while Empu Jatmika migrated in accordance with the voice message, and several times he was unsuccessful. Third, the Empu Jatmaka managed to find the soil in the island of Hujung Tanah based on his father’s message when he took a nap during the middle of the day, while Empu Jatmika managed to find it based on a voice that told him. Fourth, Empu Jatmaka established a country in Hujung Tanah and built a temple in the former excavated hole, while Empu Jatmika established Candi Agung country, a kingdom, and a very high and large mountain behind Kuripan country.Keywords: warm soil, fragrant, Hikayat Raja Banjar, Tutur Candi


2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzy Y. Rogiers ◽  
Jason P. Smith ◽  
Bruno P. Holzapfel ◽  
Gurli L. Nielsen

Root-zone warming of trees can result in an increase in biomass production but the mechanisms for this increase may differ between evergreen and deciduous species. The leaf gas exchange, carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) partitioning of two Australian evergreens, Acacia saligna and Eucalyptus cladocalyx, were compared to the deciduous Populus deltoides and Acer negundo after exposure to cool or warm soil during spring. The warm treatment stimulated aboveground biomass production in all four species; however, the form of this increase was species dependent. Compared with the evergreens, soluble sugars were mobilised from the above- and belowground components to a greater extent in the deciduous species, especially during root-zone warming. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration were increased in the warm soil treatment for the two evergreens and P. deltoides only. In P. deltoides and A. saligna the new fine roots contained greater starch concentrations when grown in warm soil but only in A. negundo was new root growth greater. Compared with the other three species, the leguminous A. saligna contained the highest N and most of this was concentrated in the phyllodes of warmed plants with no apparent mobilisation from the existing biomass. In the other evergreen, E. cladocalyx, the existing leaves and stems were a N source for new growth, while in the two deciduous species N was derived from the woody components and structural roots. These data show that the carbohydrate movement and N partitioning patterns in response to soil warming differ between perennial and deciduous plants and are likely responsible for the different forms of biomass accumulation in each of these species.


2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-369
Author(s):  
M. Segal ◽  
Z. Pan ◽  
W. J. Gutowski
Keyword(s):  

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Braunberger ◽  
L. K. Abbott ◽  
A. D. Robson

The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.


1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2244-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers

The relative competitive abilities of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.) Beauv. and Epilobiumangustifolium L. were tested in two sets of replacement series experiments. Both species were grown in monocultures and a range of mixtures in 25-cm pots. In the first set, substrates were held at either 9 or 21 °C; in the second set the pots were fertilized at high or low rates. In the 21 °C treatment C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 2.88), while there were little competition differences in the cool soil conditions. Under the cool soil temperatures, however, E. angustifolium showed higher vegetative reproduction than under the warm soil conditions. In the high nutrient conditions, C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 5.84). There was little competition in the low nutrient experiment. These experiments indicate that if both species colonize a site simultaneously, C. canadensis will outcompete E. angustifolium under most conditions, as suggested from field observations of earlier researchers.


HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Dale N. Seale ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe ◽  
Peter J. Stoffella

Primed, primed + BA, or nontreated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds were sown with several soil amendment covers or a sandy soil cover (control) to assess stand establishment in three field experiments. Seeds covered with amendments Growsorb LVM 24/48, Growsorb 6/30, and plug-mix had a higher percent emergence than soil-covered seeds in warm soil. Primed seeds (with or without BA) had a higher percent emergence than nontreated seeds. Emergence was more rapid with plug-mix, LVM 24/48, and LVM 6/30 covers than with the sandy soil control. Primed seeds with or without BA also emerged more rapidly and produced heavier seedling shoots than nontreated seeds. Using primed lettuce seeds combined with specific soil amendments can improve lettuce stand establishment under various field conditions. Chemical name used: 6-benzyladenine (BA).


1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK

Cooking quality of two cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), Kapuskasing 3880-4 and Weitor 702, changed markedly when grown under different soil temperature–moisture conditions in a field environment modified by circulating chilled and heated water through pipes buried in the soil. Quality of Kapuskasing for "puree" soup was "poor" at the low temperature of 10.4 C but improved to "very good" at the warm soil temperature of 29.2 C (20-cm depth), whereas the quality of Weitor remained "good" to "very good" for both cool and warm soils. The quality for both cultivars appeared to be associated with the concentration of 2% HCl soluble-Phytin, Ca/Phytin-P, Mn, and K. In the top growth, the concentration of P generally increased with higher temperature and moisture regardless of yield levels. Concentrations of Mn and Fe consistently decreased with high moisture contents and that of Fe and Zn increased with higher soil temperature. Maximum vine weight for both cultivars occurred at the seasonal mean daily soil temperature of 18.5 C (20-cm soil depth) when moisture stress was kept low. The weight was less at lower (10.4 C) and higher (29.2 C) soil temperatures. Pea yields for both cultivars were highest, however, at the coolest temperature, and as the soil became warmer the reduction in yield was greater for Weitor than for Kapuskasing. Moisture stress considerably reduced growth and pea yields. The total amount of organic residues in the soil varied only slightly among the cool, seasonal, and warm soils. When separated into particle-size fractions by wet sieving, the amount of organic carbon in the fraction > 2.0 mm was much higher for the cool than for the warm soil, whereas the amount in the fraction 0.25–1.0 mm was higher for the warm soil. Thus, change in growth and quality of peas may be greater for some cultivars than for others when grown in different climatic regions, or when soil temperature conditions are changed by management practices. Such a management practice might involve using hot water discharged from the cooling operations of thermal power stations by distributing it through pipes embedded in the soil. However, if soil temperatures were raised, adequate water for irrigation would need to be provided for the greater evapotranspiration loss resulting from the induced higher soil temperature.


1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK

In a 3-year field experiment with bromegrass grown under low moisture stress (< 2 atm), total herbage yield from unfertilized plots was reduced by 39% when the average seasonal soil temperature (14.1 C at a 50-cm depth) was lowered and maintained at 9.2 C; the yield was increased by 71% when the seasonal temperature was raised and maintained at 25.4 C. This represents a change in yield of 6.8% per 1 C change in the seasonal soil temperature, or a Q10 of 1.3 at 9.2 C. Herbage grown on the warm soils continued throughout the season until fall, but growth on the cool soils was negligible after the first harvest in June. Addition of N, P and K to the soil in the spring reduced the effect of a change in soil temperature on herbage yield (3.7% per 1 C). The amount of the yield increase, however, was similar at all three soil temperatures. In contrast to the effect on herbage yield, root accumulation was much greater in the cool soil (30.7 metric tons per ha, 0 to 30 cm depth) than in the seasonal soil (22.7 MT/ha) or in the warm soil (12.1 MT/ha). An increase in concentration of the major nutrients (N, P, K) in the plants coincided with the greater herbage growth on the warm soil. The changes in uptake for N, P and K per 1 C change of the seasonal temperature were 8.7, 10.4 and 7.1%, respectively, and the associated Q10 values were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.4 at 9.2 C. After growing bromegrass for three years, the amount of NO3-N mineralized for subsequent crops was low in soil from the cool plots but much higher in soil from the warm plots. The relative amounts mineralized varied with incubation conditions.


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