Competition between Calamagrostiscanadensis and Epilobiumangustifolium under different soil temperature and nutrient regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2244-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
A Site ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Relative Crowding Coefficient

The relative competitive abilities of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.) Beauv. and Epilobiumangustifolium L. were tested in two sets of replacement series experiments. Both species were grown in monocultures and a range of mixtures in 25-cm pots. In the first set, substrates were held at either 9 or 21 °C; in the second set the pots were fertilized at high or low rates. In the 21 °C treatment C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 2.88), while there were little competition differences in the cool soil conditions. Under the cool soil temperatures, however, E. angustifolium showed higher vegetative reproduction than under the warm soil conditions. In the high nutrient conditions, C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 5.84). There was little competition in the low nutrient experiment. These experiments indicate that if both species colonize a site simultaneously, C. canadensis will outcompete E. angustifolium under most conditions, as suggested from field observations of earlier researchers.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

CHANGES IN THE COLD HARDINESS OF ALFALFA DURING FIVE CONSECUTIVE WINTERS AT BEAVERLODGE, ALBERTA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. McKENZIE ◽  
G. E. McLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Saturated

Plants of Medicago falcata ’Anik’ were samples to assess their relative cold hardiness during the fall, winter and spring periods from 1974–75 to 1978–79. Precipitation and soil temperature patterns and cold hardiness profiles varied considerably from year to year. Environmental conditions in the fall appeared to exert the greatest influence on the cold hardiness profile and the maximum cold hardiness level in mid-winter. In general, plants started to harden in mid-September, but during one fall hardening period there was a delay associated with the early development of crown buds and the accompanying flush of growth during August and September. During two fall hardening periods, water-saturated soil conditions were associated with a dehardening phase in October. Conditions favoring delayed fall hardening and complete dehardening in the late fall were also associated with a lower level of hardiness in mid-winter. The maximum hardiness level, and the month during which it occurred, fluctuated considerably each year. Plants began dehardening as soil temperatures increased in late winter and early spring during 3 of the 5 yr. In the remaining 2 yr, plants began to deharden prior to an increase in soil temperature.

Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Activity and Persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] to wheat (Triticum aestivumVill.) was significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature. Distribution coefficients (Kd) provided a better indication of the phytotoxicity of terbutryn to wheat than any single measured parameter contributing to herbicide adsorption by the soil. Soil temperatures and soil moisture levels suitable for good plant growth tended to enhance the phytotoxicity of terbutryn. No phytotoxic levels of terbutryn to wheat were detected in Teller sandy loam after 20 weeks of incubation at above 10C and 14% soil moisture by weight. However, phytotoxicity to wheat was observed in air-dry terbutryntreated soil after an incubation period of 20 weeks, regardless of incubation temperature. Significant quantities of terbutryn may remain in the field under dry soil conditions.

scholarly journals Evidence for Higher Soil Temperature and Potassium Promoting Invasion of the Common Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseann V. Densmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
National Park ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Common Dandelion ◽  
A Site ◽  
Denali National Park

Common Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale (dandelion) is expanding its range in Alaska and is of particular concern in National Park Service units. This study investigated the influence of estimated soil temperature, available potassium (K), available phosphorous (P), and total nitrogen (N) on dandelion cover and density on a site near the elevational limit of dandelion. The study site in Denali National Park had been disturbed by construction and was revegetated with native plants 12 years before the study. Seed input to the study site was abundant. In a multiple regression analysis, higher levels of estimated soil temperature and available K accounted for 79% and 73% of the variation in dandelion cover and density, respectively. Practical control methods include not fertilizing disturbed areas with K, and countering continued expansion of dandelion by monitoring human use areas and undisturbed habitats where soil temperatures are likely to be relatively warm.

YIELD OF BROMEGRASS AND REMOVAL OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER MODIFIED SOIL-TEMPERATURE FIELD CONDITIONS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Modified Soil

In a 3-year field experiment with bromegrass grown under low moisture stress (< 2 atm), total herbage yield from unfertilized plots was reduced by 39% when the average seasonal soil temperature (14.1 C at a 50-cm depth) was lowered and maintained at 9.2 C; the yield was increased by 71% when the seasonal temperature was raised and maintained at 25.4 C. This represents a change in yield of 6.8% per 1 C change in the seasonal soil temperature, or a Q10 of 1.3 at 9.2 C. Herbage grown on the warm soils continued throughout the season until fall, but growth on the cool soils was negligible after the first harvest in June. Addition of N, P and K to the soil in the spring reduced the effect of a change in soil temperature on herbage yield (3.7% per 1 C). The amount of the yield increase, however, was similar at all three soil temperatures. In contrast to the effect on herbage yield, root accumulation was much greater in the cool soil (30.7 metric tons per ha, 0 to 30 cm depth) than in the seasonal soil (22.7 MT/ha) or in the warm soil (12.1 MT/ha). An increase in concentration of the major nutrients (N, P, K) in the plants coincided with the greater herbage growth on the warm soil. The changes in uptake for N, P and K per 1 C change of the seasonal temperature were 8.7, 10.4 and 7.1%, respectively, and the associated Q10 values were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.4 at 9.2 C. After growing bromegrass for three years, the amount of NO3-N mineralized for subsequent crops was low in soil from the cool plots but much higher in soil from the warm plots. The relative amounts mineralized varied with incubation conditions.

SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF FIELD PEAS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Warm Soil

Cooking quality of two cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), Kapuskasing 3880-4 and Weitor 702, changed markedly when grown under different soil temperature–moisture conditions in a field environment modified by circulating chilled and heated water through pipes buried in the soil. Quality of Kapuskasing for "puree" soup was "poor" at the low temperature of 10.4 C but improved to "very good" at the warm soil temperature of 29.2 C (20-cm depth), whereas the quality of Weitor remained "good" to "very good" for both cool and warm soils. The quality for both cultivars appeared to be associated with the concentration of 2% HCl soluble-Phytin, Ca/Phytin-P, Mn, and K. In the top growth, the concentration of P generally increased with higher temperature and moisture regardless of yield levels. Concentrations of Mn and Fe consistently decreased with high moisture contents and that of Fe and Zn increased with higher soil temperature. Maximum vine weight for both cultivars occurred at the seasonal mean daily soil temperature of 18.5 C (20-cm soil depth) when moisture stress was kept low. The weight was less at lower (10.4 C) and higher (29.2 C) soil temperatures. Pea yields for both cultivars were highest, however, at the coolest temperature, and as the soil became warmer the reduction in yield was greater for Weitor than for Kapuskasing. Moisture stress considerably reduced growth and pea yields. The total amount of organic residues in the soil varied only slightly among the cool, seasonal, and warm soils. When separated into particle-size fractions by wet sieving, the amount of organic carbon in the fraction > 2.0 mm was much higher for the cool than for the warm soil, whereas the amount in the fraction 0.25–1.0 mm was higher for the warm soil. Thus, change in growth and quality of peas may be greater for some cultivars than for others when grown in different climatic regions, or when soil temperature conditions are changed by management practices. Such a management practice might involve using hot water discharged from the cooling operations of thermal power stations by distributing it through pipes embedded in the soil. However, if soil temperatures were raised, adequate water for irrigation would need to be provided for the greater evapotranspiration loss resulting from the induced higher soil temperature.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Soil and Air Temperature at Three Locations in Puerto Rico, 1963-67

1969 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
Modesto Capiel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Adequate Explanation ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperature data at Río Piedras in the north, Lajas in the southwest, and Fortuna in the south, are given in this paper for the 5-year period 1963- 67. Seasonal variations in soil and air temperatures follow distinct patterns somewhat, depending on the nature of the soil cover and rainfall. Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at the 2-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 96.2° F. and 79.6° F.; Lajas, 102.1° F. and 69.0° F.; and Fortuna, 93.2° F. and 79.1° F. The corresponding soil temperatures at the 8-inch depth, respectively, are: Río Piedras, 80.5° F. and 77.4° F.; Lajas, 83.4° F. and 77.8° F.; and Fortuna, 85.7° F. and 82.7° F. The differences and trends of soil temperature at 2-inch and 8-inch depths can find adequate explanation when soil moisture and soil cover are considered. However, the differences between maximum and minimum soil temperatures at 8 inches of depth are roughly one fifth of the corresponding ones at the 2-inch depth. The maximum and minimum air temperature at Lajas, Fortuna and Río Piedras are much more similar to each other than the corresponding soil temperature, especially at the 2-inch depth. This is mainly because air temperature is rather measured on a macro and integrating scale while soil temperature measurements exhibit localized effects of soil cover and soil moisture. It was found that highly significant 2-inch soil-air temperature relationships are evident under bare soil conditions. The same relationships were not significant under sod cover at Fortuna.

scholarly journals A simple model for predicting soil temperature in snow-covered and seasonally frozen soil: model description and testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rankinen ◽  
T. Karvonen ◽  
D. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract. Microbial processes in soil are moisture, nutrient and temperature dependent and, consequently, accurate calculation of soil temperature is important for modelling nitrogen processes. Microbial activity in soil occurs even at sub-zero temperatures so that, in northern latitudes, a method to calculate soil temperature under snow cover and in frozen soils is required. This paper describes a new and simple model to calculate daily values for soil temperature at various depths in both frozen and unfrozen soils. The model requires four parameters: average soil thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity of soil, specific heat capacity due to freezing and thawing and an empirical snow parameter. Precipitation, air temperature and snow depth (measured or calculated) are needed as input variables. The proposed model was applied to five sites in different parts of Finland representing different climates and soil types. Observed soil temperatures at depths of 20 and 50 cm (September 1981–August 1990) were used for model calibration. The calibrated model was then tested using observed soil temperatures from September 1990 to August 2001. R2-values of the calibration period varied between 0.87 and 0.96 at a depth of 20 cm and between 0.78 and 0.97 at 50 cm. R2-values of the testing period were between 0.87 and 0.94 at a depth of 20cm, and between 0.80 and 0.98 at 50cm. Thus, despite the simplifications made, the model was able to simulate soil temperature at these study sites. This simple model simulates soil temperature well in the uppermost soil layers where most of the nitrogen processes occur. The small number of parameters required means that the model is suitable for addition to catchment scale models. Keywords: soil temperature, snow model

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

Field observations on growth and development of Morchella rotunda and Mitrophora semilibera in relation to forest soil temperature

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Buscot
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Upper Rhine

In the upper Rhine forests, ascocarps of Morchella rotunda (Pers.) Boudier and Mitrophora semilibera (DC.) Lév. develop at the expense of preexisting subterranean mycelial structures (connective mycelium and mycelial muffs) associated with higher plants. Field data correlate the initial extent of springtime reheating of soil with ascocarp maturation and suggest that mycelial muffs may be storage and resistance structures formed as early as the summer preceding the spring fruiting. This suggests morels are biennial.

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