SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF FIELD PEAS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Warm Soil

Cooking quality of two cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), Kapuskasing 3880-4 and Weitor 702, changed markedly when grown under different soil temperature–moisture conditions in a field environment modified by circulating chilled and heated water through pipes buried in the soil. Quality of Kapuskasing for "puree" soup was "poor" at the low temperature of 10.4 C but improved to "very good" at the warm soil temperature of 29.2 C (20-cm depth), whereas the quality of Weitor remained "good" to "very good" for both cool and warm soils. The quality for both cultivars appeared to be associated with the concentration of 2% HCl soluble-Phytin, Ca/Phytin-P, Mn, and K. In the top growth, the concentration of P generally increased with higher temperature and moisture regardless of yield levels. Concentrations of Mn and Fe consistently decreased with high moisture contents and that of Fe and Zn increased with higher soil temperature. Maximum vine weight for both cultivars occurred at the seasonal mean daily soil temperature of 18.5 C (20-cm soil depth) when moisture stress was kept low. The weight was less at lower (10.4 C) and higher (29.2 C) soil temperatures. Pea yields for both cultivars were highest, however, at the coolest temperature, and as the soil became warmer the reduction in yield was greater for Weitor than for Kapuskasing. Moisture stress considerably reduced growth and pea yields. The total amount of organic residues in the soil varied only slightly among the cool, seasonal, and warm soils. When separated into particle-size fractions by wet sieving, the amount of organic carbon in the fraction > 2.0 mm was much higher for the cool than for the warm soil, whereas the amount in the fraction 0.25–1.0 mm was higher for the warm soil. Thus, change in growth and quality of peas may be greater for some cultivars than for others when grown in different climatic regions, or when soil temperature conditions are changed by management practices. Such a management practice might involve using hot water discharged from the cooling operations of thermal power stations by distributing it through pipes embedded in the soil. However, if soil temperatures were raised, adequate water for irrigation would need to be provided for the greater evapotranspiration loss resulting from the induced higher soil temperature.

YIELD OF BROMEGRASS AND REMOVAL OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER MODIFIED SOIL-TEMPERATURE FIELD CONDITIONS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Modified Soil

In a 3-year field experiment with bromegrass grown under low moisture stress (< 2 atm), total herbage yield from unfertilized plots was reduced by 39% when the average seasonal soil temperature (14.1 C at a 50-cm depth) was lowered and maintained at 9.2 C; the yield was increased by 71% when the seasonal temperature was raised and maintained at 25.4 C. This represents a change in yield of 6.8% per 1 C change in the seasonal soil temperature, or a Q10 of 1.3 at 9.2 C. Herbage grown on the warm soils continued throughout the season until fall, but growth on the cool soils was negligible after the first harvest in June. Addition of N, P and K to the soil in the spring reduced the effect of a change in soil temperature on herbage yield (3.7% per 1 C). The amount of the yield increase, however, was similar at all three soil temperatures. In contrast to the effect on herbage yield, root accumulation was much greater in the cool soil (30.7 metric tons per ha, 0 to 30 cm depth) than in the seasonal soil (22.7 MT/ha) or in the warm soil (12.1 MT/ha). An increase in concentration of the major nutrients (N, P, K) in the plants coincided with the greater herbage growth on the warm soil. The changes in uptake for N, P and K per 1 C change of the seasonal temperature were 8.7, 10.4 and 7.1%, respectively, and the associated Q10 values were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.4 at 9.2 C. After growing bromegrass for three years, the amount of NO3-N mineralized for subsequent crops was low in soil from the cool plots but much higher in soil from the warm plots. The relative amounts mineralized varied with incubation conditions.

scholarly journals Soil Temperature Estimation with Meteorological Parameters by Using Tree-Based Hybrid Data Mining Models

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taghi Sattari ◽  
Anca Avram ◽  
Halit Apaydin ◽  
Oliviu Matei
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Nonlinear Problems ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Windowing Technique ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Research Decision

The temperature of the soil at different depths is one of the most important factors used in different disciplines, such as hydrology, soil science, civil engineering, construction, geotechnology, ecology, meteorology, agriculture, and environmental studies. In addition to physical and spatial variables, meteorological elements are also effective in changing soil temperatures at different depths. The use of machine-learning models is increasing day by day in many complex and nonlinear branches of science. These data-driven models seek solutions to complex and nonlinear problems using data observed in the past. In this research, decision tree (DT), gradient boosted trees (GBT), and hybrid DT–GBT models were used to estimate soil temperature. The soil temperatures at 5, 10, and 20 cm depths were estimated using the daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperature; sunshine intensity and duration, and precipitation data measured between 1993 and 2018 at Divrigi station in Sivas province in Turkey. To predict the soil temperature at different depths, the time windowing technique was used on the input data. According to the results, hybrid DT–GBT, GBT, and DT methods estimated the soil temperature at 5 cm depth the most successfully, respectively. However, the best estimate was obtained with the DT model at soil depths of 10 and 20 cm. According to the results of the research, the accuracy rate of the models has also increased with increasing soil depth. In the prediction of soil temperature, sunshine duration and air temperature were determined as the most important factors and precipitation was the most insignificant meteorological variable. According to the evaluation criteria, such as Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, R, MAE, RMSE, and Taylor diagrams used, it is recommended that all three (DT, GBT, and hybrid DT–GBT) data-based models can be used for predicting soil temperature.

scholarly journals Non-stationary temporal characterization of the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost in south-eastern Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Anctil ◽  
A. Pratte ◽  
L. E. Parent ◽  
M. A. Bolinder
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Temperature Time Series ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract. The objective of this work was to compare time and frequency fluctuations of air and soil temperatures (2-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-cm below the soil surface) using the continuous wavelet transform, with a particular emphasis on the daily cycle. The analysis of wavelet power spectra and cross power spectra provided detailed non-stationary accounts with respect to frequencies (or periods) and to time of the structure of the data and also of the relationships that exist between time series. For this particular application to the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost, both the air temperature and the 2-cm depth soil temperature time series exhibited a dominant power peak at 1-d periodicity, prominent from spring to autumn. This feature was gradually damped as it propagated deeper into the soil and was weak for the 20-cm depth. Influence of the incoming solar radiation was also revealed in the wavelet power spectra analysis by a weaker intensity of the 1-d peak. The principal divergence between air and soil temperatures, besides damping, occurred in winter from the latent heat release associated to the freezing of the soil water and the insulation effect of snowpack that cease the dependence of the soil temperature to the air temperature. Attenuation and phase-shifting of the 1-d periodicity could be quantified through scale-averaged power spectra and time-lag estimations. Air temperature variance was only partly transferred to the 2-cm soil temperature time series and much less so to the 20-cm soil depth.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS USING SPEARMAN’S RHO AND MANN-KENDALL CORRELATION TESTS: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGDE CENTER IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
M. Cüneyt Bagdatlı ◽  
Yiğitcan Ballı
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Kendall Correlation

This research was conducted to determine soil temperatures in different soil depths in located Turkey’s Anatolia Region in Center of Nigde Province. In the study, the maximum, minimum and average soil temperature values of 10 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths observed between 1970-2019 were examined. All soil temperature data were evaluated monthly within the scope of the study. In the study, Mann-Kendall, Sperman's Rho correlation test and Sen's slope method were used.  According to the research result; The average of maximum soil temperatures in 10 cm depth was calculated as 6,8 0C in winter months and 20,7 0C in spring months. The average minimum soil temperature was calculated as 0,3 0C in winter and 5,0 0C in spring Months in long periods Generally, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 10 cm depth. According to the Mann-Kendal facility, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in spring, winter and Summer months except for the months of autumn. Considering the average maximum temperature values in 50 cm; It was calculated as 6,6 °C in winter and 13,6 °C in spring months. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 3,5 0C in winter and 8,3 0C in spring months in long period (50 year, 600 months). In general, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 50 cm soil depth. According to Mann-Kendall and Sperman Rho test, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in all seasons except for autumn months. According to the average maximum temperature values in 100 cm depth; It was calculated as 9,2 0C in winter and 11,5 0C in spring. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 7,1 0C in winter and 8.7 0C in spring months. It has been observed that there is a significant increase trend in the increasing of maximum and minimum soil temperatures of 100 cm soil depth.

scholarly journals HOW SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIMES CHANGE AS THE CLIMATE WARMS – SHORT COMMUNICATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Karvonen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Agricultural Use

Finnish soil temperature regimes have been pergelic, cryic, and frigid, where pergelic is coldest and unsuitable for agricultural use. The study monitored soil temperatures at a soil depth of 50 cm in 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019 to look at how the soil temperature regimes have changed. Probably, as a result of climate warming the soil temperature regimes in Southern Finland in the Helsinki region at a latitude of 60–61°N have raised from cryic and pergelic to warmer mesic over a period of ten years.

scholarly journals Recognition of Changes in Air and Soil Temperatures at a Station Typical of China’s Subtropical Monsoon Region (1961–2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-jin Zhan ◽  
Lingjun Xia ◽  
Longfei Zhan ◽  
Yuanhao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Trends in soil temperature are important but rarely reported indicators of climate change. Based on daily air and soil temperatures (depth: 0, 20, 80, and 320 cm) recorded at the Nanchang Weather Station (1961–2018), this study investigated the variation trend, abrupt changes, and years of anomalous annual and seasonal mean air and soil temperatures. The differences and relationships between annual air and soil temperatures were also analyzed. The results showed close correlations between air temperature and soil temperature at different depths. Annual and seasonal mean air and soil temperatures mainly displayed significant trends of increase over the past 58 years, although the rise of the mean air temperature and the mean soil temperature was asymmetric. The rates of increase in air temperature and soil temperature (depth: 0, 20, and 80 cm) were most obvious in spring; the most significant increase in soil temperature at the depth of 320 cm was in summer. Mean soil temperature displayed a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth in both spring and summer. Air temperature was lower than the soil temperature at depths of 0 and 20 cm but higher than the soil temperature at depths of 80 and 320 cm in spring and summer. Mean ground temperature had a rising trend with increasing soil depth in autumn and winter. Air temperature was lower than the soil temperature at all depths in autumn and winter. Years with anomalously low air temperature and soil temperature at depths of 0, 20, 80, and 320 cm were relatively consistent in winter. Years with anomalous air and soil temperatures (depths: 0, 20, and 80 cm) were generally consistent; however, the relationship between air temperature and soil temperature at 320 cm depth was less consistent. The findings provide a basis for understanding and assessing climate change impact on terrestrial ecosystems.

A weighted coefficient model for estimation of Australian daily soil temperature at depths of 5cm to 100cm based on air temperature and rainfall

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Horton ◽  
Ross Corkrey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Fold Cross Validation

Soil temperatures are related to air temperature and rainfall on the current day and preceding days, and this can be expressed in a non-linear relationship to provide a weighted value for the effect of air temperature or rainfall based on days lag and soil depth. The weighted minimum and maximum air temperatures and weighted rainfall can then be combined with latitude and a seasonal function to estimate soil temperature at any depth in the range 5–100 cm. The model had a root mean square deviation of 1.21–1.85°C for minimum, average, and maximum soil temperature for all weather stations in Australia (mainland and Tasmania), except for maximum soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm, where the model was less precise (3.39° and 2.52°, respectively). Data for this analysis were obtained from 32–40 Bureau of Meteorology weather stations throughout Australia and the proposed model was validated using 5-fold cross-validation.

Competition between Calamagrostiscanadensis and Epilobiumangustifolium under different soil temperature and nutrient regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2244-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
A Site ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Relative Crowding Coefficient

The relative competitive abilities of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.) Beauv. and Epilobiumangustifolium L. were tested in two sets of replacement series experiments. Both species were grown in monocultures and a range of mixtures in 25-cm pots. In the first set, substrates were held at either 9 or 21 °C; in the second set the pots were fertilized at high or low rates. In the 21 °C treatment C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 2.88), while there were little competition differences in the cool soil conditions. Under the cool soil temperatures, however, E. angustifolium showed higher vegetative reproduction than under the warm soil conditions. In the high nutrient conditions, C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 5.84). There was little competition in the low nutrient experiment. These experiments indicate that if both species colonize a site simultaneously, C. canadensis will outcompete E. angustifolium under most conditions, as suggested from field observations of earlier researchers.

Effects of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Wong ◽  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
K Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperature (10, 15, 20 and 25�C) and moisture (45% water holding capacity (WHC), 65% WHC, and flooding) on the pathogenicity of five fungi, both alone and in combinations, were investigated to determine the involvement of these fungi in a severe root rot disorder of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Fusarium avenaceum, Pythium irregulare, and Rhizoctonia solani were highly pathogenic while Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma medicaginis, particularly when used singly, were only weakly pathogenic. Compared with individual fungi, fungal combinations increased the severity of root disease and decreased plant survival and plant fresh weight. While the fungi investigated caused root rot over the range of soil temperatures and moisture conditions of this investigation, the most severe root rot occurred at 10�C, with less at 15 and 25�C, and least at 20�C. Temperature had a marked effect on the disease severity and its effect varied with individual fungi and their combinations, in particular, combinations involving P. irregulare (severest root rot at 10 and 15�C). The most severe root rotting, compared with the control, occurred at 65% WHC, with less at 45% WHC, and least under flooding conditions. There was often a significant interaction between temperature and moisture for the various fungi and fungal combinations tested.

scholarly journals Effects of Biochar Application and Irrigation Methods on Soil Temperature in Farmland

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Ding ◽  
Xiaoyu Gao ◽  
Zhongyi Qu ◽  
Yonglin Jia ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
River Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperature plays a vital role in determining crop yield. Excessive irrigation may result in low soil temperature and a waste of water resources. In this paper, field experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of irrigation methods and biochar application on soil temperature. The experiment included six treatments: (a) YB: biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water; (b) GB: biochar application in border irrigation with groundwater; (c) DB: biochar application in drip irrigation with groundwater; (d) Y(CK): border irrigation with Yellow River water; (e) G(CK): border irrigation with groundwater; (f) D(CK): drip irrigation with groundwater. The results are as follows: coupling drip irrigation and biochar, soil temperature increased by 1.20–3.87%. In the biochar application in border irrigation with Yellow River water and groundwater, soil temperature increased by 0.80–2.40% and 1.01–5.15%, respectively. Biochar is a medium for reducing the heat exchange of soil and atmosphere, as it hinders bi-directional heat movement. This mechanism was especially apparent at a 0–10 cm soil depth in the treatments of border irrigation using Yellow River water and groundwater. Biochar may help stabilize the fluctuation of soil temperature and improve the soil accumulated temperature. The effect of drip irrigation at 5–10 cm depth, border irrigation using the groundwater and the Yellow River water was great on soil temperatures above the 10 cm level but less on deep soil temperatures. After applying biochar to soil, the soil temperature was more sensitive to external temperature changes, such as air temperature and water temperature. Therefore, in the Hetao irrigation area, applying a proper amount of biochar to farmland soil was shown to improve the water and heat environment and improve the effectiveness of traditional border irrigation in synchronizing water and heat, especially under the drip irrigation condition. The results here suggest that using biochar under drip irrigation can promote growth and increase yield.

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