YIELD OF BROMEGRASS AND REMOVAL OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER MODIFIED SOIL-TEMPERATURE FIELD CONDITIONS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Modified Soil

In a 3-year field experiment with bromegrass grown under low moisture stress (< 2 atm), total herbage yield from unfertilized plots was reduced by 39% when the average seasonal soil temperature (14.1 C at a 50-cm depth) was lowered and maintained at 9.2 C; the yield was increased by 71% when the seasonal temperature was raised and maintained at 25.4 C. This represents a change in yield of 6.8% per 1 C change in the seasonal soil temperature, or a Q10 of 1.3 at 9.2 C. Herbage grown on the warm soils continued throughout the season until fall, but growth on the cool soils was negligible after the first harvest in June. Addition of N, P and K to the soil in the spring reduced the effect of a change in soil temperature on herbage yield (3.7% per 1 C). The amount of the yield increase, however, was similar at all three soil temperatures. In contrast to the effect on herbage yield, root accumulation was much greater in the cool soil (30.7 metric tons per ha, 0 to 30 cm depth) than in the seasonal soil (22.7 MT/ha) or in the warm soil (12.1 MT/ha). An increase in concentration of the major nutrients (N, P, K) in the plants coincided with the greater herbage growth on the warm soil. The changes in uptake for N, P and K per 1 C change of the seasonal temperature were 8.7, 10.4 and 7.1%, respectively, and the associated Q10 values were 1.5, 1.6 and 1.4 at 9.2 C. After growing bromegrass for three years, the amount of NO3-N mineralized for subsequent crops was low in soil from the cool plots but much higher in soil from the warm plots. The relative amounts mineralized varied with incubation conditions.

SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF FIELD PEAS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Warm Soil

Cooking quality of two cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), Kapuskasing 3880-4 and Weitor 702, changed markedly when grown under different soil temperature–moisture conditions in a field environment modified by circulating chilled and heated water through pipes buried in the soil. Quality of Kapuskasing for "puree" soup was "poor" at the low temperature of 10.4 C but improved to "very good" at the warm soil temperature of 29.2 C (20-cm depth), whereas the quality of Weitor remained "good" to "very good" for both cool and warm soils. The quality for both cultivars appeared to be associated with the concentration of 2% HCl soluble-Phytin, Ca/Phytin-P, Mn, and K. In the top growth, the concentration of P generally increased with higher temperature and moisture regardless of yield levels. Concentrations of Mn and Fe consistently decreased with high moisture contents and that of Fe and Zn increased with higher soil temperature. Maximum vine weight for both cultivars occurred at the seasonal mean daily soil temperature of 18.5 C (20-cm soil depth) when moisture stress was kept low. The weight was less at lower (10.4 C) and higher (29.2 C) soil temperatures. Pea yields for both cultivars were highest, however, at the coolest temperature, and as the soil became warmer the reduction in yield was greater for Weitor than for Kapuskasing. Moisture stress considerably reduced growth and pea yields. The total amount of organic residues in the soil varied only slightly among the cool, seasonal, and warm soils. When separated into particle-size fractions by wet sieving, the amount of organic carbon in the fraction > 2.0 mm was much higher for the cool than for the warm soil, whereas the amount in the fraction 0.25–1.0 mm was higher for the warm soil. Thus, change in growth and quality of peas may be greater for some cultivars than for others when grown in different climatic regions, or when soil temperature conditions are changed by management practices. Such a management practice might involve using hot water discharged from the cooling operations of thermal power stations by distributing it through pipes embedded in the soil. However, if soil temperatures were raised, adequate water for irrigation would need to be provided for the greater evapotranspiration loss resulting from the induced higher soil temperature.

Competition between Calamagrostiscanadensis and Epilobiumangustifolium under different soil temperature and nutrient regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2244-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Landhäusser ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
A Site ◽  
Warm Soil ◽  
Relative Crowding Coefficient

The relative competitive abilities of Calamagrostiscanadensis (Michx.) Beauv. and Epilobiumangustifolium L. were tested in two sets of replacement series experiments. Both species were grown in monocultures and a range of mixtures in 25-cm pots. In the first set, substrates were held at either 9 or 21 °C; in the second set the pots were fertilized at high or low rates. In the 21 °C treatment C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 2.88), while there were little competition differences in the cool soil conditions. Under the cool soil temperatures, however, E. angustifolium showed higher vegetative reproduction than under the warm soil conditions. In the high nutrient conditions, C. canadensis was more competitive than E. angustifolium (relative crowding coefficient for C. canadensis towards E. angustifolium was 5.84). There was little competition in the low nutrient experiment. These experiments indicate that if both species colonize a site simultaneously, C. canadensis will outcompete E. angustifolium under most conditions, as suggested from field observations of earlier researchers.

Enhanced soil temperature during very early growth and its association with maize development and yield in the Highlands of Kenya

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. M. Cooper ◽  
R. Law
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soil Temperatures

SummaryPrevious work has shown a strong relationship between the mean soil temperature during the first 5 weeks of growth of a maize crop, and the final grain yield, warmer soils leading to greater yields. Trials were laid down in 1975 and 1976 to establish how early in the development of a maize crop higher soil temperatures would lead to increased yields. Soil temperatures were raised by polythene mulching applied at planting with six times of mulch removal: at crop emergence, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after emergence. Raised soil temperature led to a greater rate of development and leaf area production during early growth. Greater leaf area was due to greater leaf emergence rate rather than increase in leaf size, since increase in soil temperature was associated with a decrease in individual leaf size. This trend was reversed from leaf number 15 onwards resulting in no differences in leaf area, leaf weight or total dry matter at tasselling. In spite of this, yield differences were observed. Increase in soil temperature during germination alone had a beneficial effect on final grain yield, and this effect increased with duration. Increasing soil temperature for longer than 3–4 weeks from emergence caused no further yield increase. Yields increased from 133 and 172 g/ plant to 220 and 238 g/plant in 1975 and 1976 respectively. Yield increases were associated with more grains per plant rather than greater grain size. The period during which increased soil temperature led to increased yields coincided with the period when the apical meristem was below ground level. The mechanism involved is not yet clear.

INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS ON GROWTH PROTEIN PRODUCTION OF MANITOU AND TWO SEMIDWARF MEXICAN SPRING WHEATS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Three spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), Manitou, Pitic 62, and QK1-13, were grown in field plots containing a thermally controlled watercirculation system. The system provided two controlled root-zone temperatures (10 and 28 C) and one uncontrolled seasonal temperature (18 C), which represented mean summer soil temperatures of the Cryoboreal (8–15 C), the Mesic/Thermic (15–22/> 22 C), and the Boreal (15–18 C) climatic classes of the Canadian Soil Climatic Classification System. Three soil moisture conditions were characterized in terms of a soil moisture sufficiency index (SMI) levels were selected to correspond to the subclasses, Arid/Semiarid, Humid/Subhumid, and Perhumid. When temperature treatments were applied between emergence and the third-leaf stage of development, average yields from all treatments usually ranked with temperatures associated with the Cryoboreal > Boreal > Mesic/Thermic Classes. High soil temperature depressed the yields of the Mexican cultivars Pitic 62 and QK1-13 more than Manitou. Manitou appeared to tolerate a wider range in temperature than the Mexican cultivars, especially when seeded early (May). Yields of all cultivars were highest frequently under temperature and moisture conditions associated with the Cryoboreal and Boreal Subhumid classes. At these temperatures, yields were reduced markedly under Arid/Semiarid moisture conditions and depressed slightly under Perhumid moisture conditions. Grain yields were relatively low under the warm soils at all moisture conditions. In general, protein content was high under Arid conditions for all three temperatures. The protein content diminished with decreasing moisture stress under warm and cool temperatures. Thus, lowest protein concentration occurred under temperature and moisture conditions associated with the Cryoboreal Perhumid Class. Fertilizer (N + P + K) had greater effect at temperatures associated with cooler soils. Under all moisture and temperature conditions, Pitic 62 gave a much heavier root weight and a more fibrous root system than either Manitou or QK1-13.

YIELD OF SOYBEANS AND OIL QUALITY IN RELATION TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MACK ◽  
K. C. IVARSON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
High Yields ◽  
High Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Under comparable field conditions of air temperature and solar radiation, yield of soybeans increased 43.4% when the day-degrees units of the soil were raised from a seasonal value of 859 to 1822 (> 5 C) and yield decreased 82.4% when the day-degrees for the same period were lowered to 408 for the 20-cm depth. These heat values from July 10 to September 21 correspond to mean daily soil temperatures of 11.2, 17.7, and 31.2 C. The change in yield represents a reduction on the cold soils of 208 kg/ha (3.1 bu/acre) per 1 degree C below the seasonal temperature, and an increase on the warm plots of 54 kg/ha per 1 degree C (unfertilized) above the seasonal temperature. In general, yield was related linearly to the reciprocal of the temperature and of the day-degrees. Oil concentration varied little among the three soil temperatures, although the iodine number decreased and the percentage protein increased with higher soil temperature. Coinciding with the high yields on the warm soils was a high concentration of P in the foliage, e.g., 0.15% P at 11.2 C and 0.42% at 31.9 C. During early growth, concentration of K in the plant material increased and that of Mn and Cu was reduced with high soil temperature. This resulted in a greater removal of P and K from the warm soil than from the cool soil, and little difference in removal of Mn and Cu between the low and high temperatures.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

scholarly journals A simple model for predicting soil temperature in snow-covered and seasonally frozen soil: model description and testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rankinen ◽  
T. Karvonen ◽  
D. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract. Microbial processes in soil are moisture, nutrient and temperature dependent and, consequently, accurate calculation of soil temperature is important for modelling nitrogen processes. Microbial activity in soil occurs even at sub-zero temperatures so that, in northern latitudes, a method to calculate soil temperature under snow cover and in frozen soils is required. This paper describes a new and simple model to calculate daily values for soil temperature at various depths in both frozen and unfrozen soils. The model requires four parameters: average soil thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity of soil, specific heat capacity due to freezing and thawing and an empirical snow parameter. Precipitation, air temperature and snow depth (measured or calculated) are needed as input variables. The proposed model was applied to five sites in different parts of Finland representing different climates and soil types. Observed soil temperatures at depths of 20 and 50 cm (September 1981–August 1990) were used for model calibration. The calibrated model was then tested using observed soil temperatures from September 1990 to August 2001. R2-values of the calibration period varied between 0.87 and 0.96 at a depth of 20 cm and between 0.78 and 0.97 at 50 cm. R2-values of the testing period were between 0.87 and 0.94 at a depth of 20cm, and between 0.80 and 0.98 at 50cm. Thus, despite the simplifications made, the model was able to simulate soil temperature at these study sites. This simple model simulates soil temperature well in the uppermost soil layers where most of the nitrogen processes occur. The small number of parameters required means that the model is suitable for addition to catchment scale models. Keywords: soil temperature, snow model

scholarly journals Quality control of 10-min soil temperatures data at RMI

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bertrand ◽  
L. González Sotelino ◽  
M. Journée
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Observation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
Energy Processes

Abstract. Soil temperatures at various depths are unique parameters useful to describe both the surface energy processes and regional environmental and climate conditions. To provide soil temperature observation in different regions across Belgium for agricultural management as well as for climate research, soil temperatures are recorded in 13 of the 20 automated weather stations operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium. At each station, soil temperature can be measured at up to 5 different depths (from 5 to 100 cm) in addition to the bare soil and grass temperature records. Although many methods have been developed to identify erroneous air temperatures, little attention has been paid to quality control of soil temperature data. This contribution describes the newly developed semi-automatic quality control of 10-min soil temperatures data at RMI.

Responsiveness to seasonal temperature and nitrogen among genotypes of kikuyu, paspalum and bermuda grass pastures of coastal New South Wales

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Pearson ◽  
H Kemp ◽  
AC Kirby ◽  
TE Launders ◽  
C Mikled
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Three experiments were carried out to test the hypotheses that (a) there are quantitative differences in growth rate and quality between newly registered cultivars and older cultivars in response to changes in temperature and fertility, and (b) responsiveness to temperature varies between sites because cultivars acclimatize to their current environment. Performance in simulated swards indicated that potential productivity was highest from bermuda grass (Cynodon x Burton Pearson). This was, however, a poor indicator of performance in the field, where yield of bermuda grass was depressed by weeds whereas that of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) was unaffected. In the field, a newly registered kikuyu, cv. Crofts, outyielded bermuda grass and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) either alone or when combined with lucerne. A further experiment compared cvv. Crofts, Whittet and common kikuyu at three levels of nitrogen at three sites. Peak growth rates were the same at all locations but Crofts outyielded the other genotypes by 60, 13 and 18% at Bega (37�S.), Camden (34�S.) and Taree (32�S.) respectively. Average growth rates varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature (r > 0.9). Analysis of temperature responsiveness (kg/ha.�C) indicated that responsiveness varied consistently between genotypes at any location. Furthermore, the base temperature (the temperature below which there was negligible growth) was the same for all genotypes at any location but it increased with increasing latitude. That is, there was a tendency to greater dormancy with increasing coldness of location. Nitrogen responsiveness was the same for all genotypes and sites. Seasonal variations in digestibility and mineral concentrations in kikuyu, bermuda grass and paspalum were similar in the field and in simulated swards; quality was the same in all kikuyu genotypes. Calcium, magnesium and nitrogen concentrations of plant tops (but not phosphorus and potassium concentrations) increased with increasing rates of application of nitrogen fertilizer.

Cover crop effects on soil temperature in a clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
X.M. Yang ◽  
W.D. Reynolds ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
M.D. Reeb
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature

Although it is well established that soil temperature has substantial effects on the agri-environmental performance of crop production, little is known of soil temperatures under living cover crops. Consequently, soil temperatures under a crimson clover and white clover mix, hairy vetch, and red clover were measured for a cool, humid Brookston clay loam under a corn–soybean–winter wheat/cover crop rotation. Measurements were collected from August (after cover crop seeding) to the following May (before cover crop termination) at 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm depths during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Average soil temperatures (August–May) were not affected by cover crop species at any depth, or by air temperature at 60 cm depth. During winter, soil temperatures at 15, 30, and 45 cm depths were greater under cover crops than under a no cover crop control (CK), with maximum increase occurring at 15 cm on 31 January 2019 (2.5–5.7 °C) and on 23 January 2020 (0.8–1.9 °C). In spring, soil temperatures under standing cover crops were cooler than the CK by 0.1–3.0 °C at 15 cm depth, by 0–2.4 °C at the 30 and 45 cm depths, and by 0–1.8 °C at 60 cm depth. In addition, springtime soil temperature at 15 cm depth decreased by about 0.24 °C for every 1 Mg·ha−1 increase in live cover crop biomass. Relative to bare soil, cover crops increased near-surface soil temperature during winter but decreased near-surface soil temperature during spring. These temperature changes may have both positive and negative effects on the agri-environmental performance of crop production.

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