Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis-Induced Energy Shortage Improves Postprandial Lipemia and Fat Oxidation

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of nonexercise activity thermogenesis on postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations; (2) Methods: Ten healthy males completed a sedentary trial (ST) and a physical activity trial (PA) in a random order separated by at least 7 days. After each intervention on day 1, the participants consumed a high-fat test meal on the next day. The blood samples and gas sample were observed in the fasted state and for 4 h after consuming the oral fat tolerance test; (3) Results: The postprandial TG concentrations of total (AUC) (p = 0.008) and incremental area under the curve (IAUC) (p = 0.023) in the plasma of participants in the PA trial were significantly lower than those in the plasma of participants in the ST trial. The postprandial fat oxidation rate AUC of the PA trial was significantly higher than that of the ST trial (p = 0.009); (4) Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that nonexercise energy expenditure decrease the postprandial TG concentration and increase the fat oxidation the next day.

Comparison of Postprandial Serum Triglyceride and Apolipoprotein B Concentrations between the Two Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women

Background: Sex hormones influence lipoprotein metabolism; whether the hormonal fluctuation during normal menstrual cycle has impact on non-fasting lipids remains unclear. Objective: To examine for differences in postprandial triglyceride, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) concentrations using a standardized fat tolerance test during the 2 menstrual cycle phases. Methods: We enrolled 25 healthy, menstruating women. Each of them underwent a fat tolerance test during the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle. Blood samples were collected at baseline and up to 6 h postprandially. Differences in serum triglycerides, ApoB and non-HDL-C between the 2 phases were assessed. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated. Reproducibility of the measurements was tested using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Serum triglyceride concentrations increased postprandially in both phases and the values were higher during the follicular compared with the luteal phase; however, the overall triglyceride response expressed as iAUC [median value (interquartile range)] did not differ between the follicular and the luteal phase [54.0 (-26.5, 107.0) and 48.0 (6.0, 114.5) mg x h/dl, respectively, p=0.64]. Serum ApoB concentrations did not increase postprandially and the overall ApoB response was not different between the 2 phases. Non-HDL-C concentrations changed postprandially, but the overall response was not different between the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle. Reproducibility of the measurements was moderate: ICC 0.689-0.848 for triglycerides, 0.721-0.771 for ApoB, 0.457-0.867 for non-HDL-C, and %CV >8 for all parameters. Conclusion: Serum triglyceride levels were higher during the follicular compared with the luteal phase after standardized meal consumption, but the overall postprandial triglyceride response did not differ between the 2 phases. Postprandial ApoB and non-HDL-C serum concentrations were not affected by the menstrual cycle.

Effect of Black Coffee on Fasting Metabolic Markers and an Abbreviated Fat Tolerance Test

Objectives Common clinical recommendations direct patients to report fasted when blood work (e.g., triglycerides [TG], glucose [Glu]) will take place, which typically excludes black coffee consumption. Despite its negligible calorie content, caffeinated coffee increases fatty acid mobilization. However, whether this effect meaningfully alters fasting metabolic testing or influences the results of a fat tolerance test is unclear. We investigated whether allowing black coffee intake within a fast prior to blood work affected fasting TG and Glu, as well as the postprandial lipemic and glycemic response following an abbreviated fat tolerance test. Methods In a randomized crossover design, participants were instructed to consume only water, or were allowed 8 fluid ounces of black coffee at the end of a 10-hr fast. Next, TG and Glu were assessed using the Cholestech LDX system (Alere Cholestech: Hayward, CA, USA) before and after a previously validated 4-hr fat tolerance test (9 kcal/kg; 73% fat, 26% CHO). Paired t-tests were performed to assess baseline and 4-hr values, absolute change, and % change for both TG and Glu. Results Preliminary analysis of healthy subjects (n = 3 of 10 subjects completed; 1 M/2F; age 20.3 ± 2.3; BMI 25.7 ± 0.6) revealed that consuming coffee prior to the blood draw did not affect fasting TG (Mean difference (MD) = 7.0 mg/dL; P = 0.68). Similarly, the lipemic response was not altered by coffee, evidenced by no alterations in 4-hr TG (MD = 7.6 mg/dL), Δ TG (MD = 14.7 mg/dL), and % change in TG (MD = 29.1%; all P’s ≥ 0.52). Fasting Glu was unchanged following coffee consumption (MD = 29.1 mg/dL; P = 0.90), and indicators of the glycemic response such as 4-hr Glu (MD = 0.0 mg/dL), Δ Glu (MD = 1.0 mg/dL), and % change (MD = 1.2%), were similar among water and coffee trials (all P's ≥ 0.73). Conclusions At this point in the study, coffee consumption does not seem to alter fasting TG or markers of fat tolerance. Additionally, fasting Glu and the glycemic response do not appear to be influenced by coffee consumption. When completed, this study will help answer the practical question of whether coffee need be avoided prior to basic metabolic testing or a fat tolerance test, which may provide increased consistency in metabolic assessment and potentially improve patients’ clinical experience. Funding Sources Lew Wentz Research Scholars Program at Oklahoma State University.

Acute whole apple consumption did not influence postprandial lipaemia: a randomised crossover trial

Whole apples are a source of pectin and polyphenols, both of which show potential to modulate postprandial lipaemia (PPL). The present study aimed to explore the effects of whole apple consumption on PPL, as a risk factor for CVD, in generally healthy but overweight and obese adults. A randomised, crossover acute meal trial was conducted with seventeen women and nine men (mean BMI of 34·1 (sem 0·2) kg/m2). Blood samples were collected for 6 h after participants consumed an oral fat tolerance test meal that provided 1 g fat/kg body weight and 1500 mg acetaminophen per meal for estimating gastric emptying, with and without three whole raw Gala apples (approximately 200 g). Plasma TAG (with peak postprandial concentration as the primary outcome), apoB48, chylomicron-rich fraction particle size and fatty acid composition, glucose, insulin and acetaminophen were analysed. Differences between with and without apples were identified by ANCOVA. Apple consumption did not alter postprandial TAG response, chylomicron properties, glucose or acetaminophen (P > 0·05), but did lead to a higher apoB48 peak concentration and exaggerated insulin between 20 and 180 min (P < 0·05). Overall, as a complex food matrix, apples did not modulate postprandial TAG when consumed with a high-fat meal in overweight and obese adults, but did stimulate insulin secretion, potentially contributing to an increased TAG-rich lipoprotein production.

Postprandial leptin and adiponectin in response to sugar and fat in obese and normal weight individuals

Purpose Adipokines produced by white adipose tissue are central in the development of lifestyle diseases. Individuals in industrialized countries spend a substantial part of life in the non-fasting, postprandial state, which is associated with increased oxidation and inflammation. The aim was to study postprandial adiponectin and leptin levels after an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in obese (OB) and healthy, normal weight individuals (NW). Methods Fifty adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and 17 healthy, NW were included. Postprandial triglyceride (TG), adiponectin, and leptin levels were measured every second hour during an 8 h OFTT, and every half hour during a 2 h OGTT. Results Compared with the basal level, postprandial levels of adiponectin following OFTT showed a slight initial peak, followed by a significant decrease at 8 h, in the NW. In the OB these changes were abolished. Postprandial levels of leptin decreased significantly from basal levels in the OFTT, in the NW, whereas in the OB, leptin was unchanged except for a slight increase from 2 to 8 h. During the OGTT both adiponectin and leptin levels remained unchanged in the NW, but decreased significantly in the OB. In addition, the OB had delayed TG clearance at 6 h. Conclusions A fatty meal gives postprandial changes in the secretion of adiponectin and leptin in NW, but not in OB. Our observations indicate that a potential postprandial regulatory role of adiponectin and leptin is impaired in OB, and of importance in a more comprehensive understanding of the delayed postprandial TG clearance in obese individuals.

A Randomized Crossover Trial on the Effects of Whole Apple Consumption on Postprandial Response to an Oral Fat Tolerance Test in Overweight and Obese Individuals (P08-109-19)

Objectives Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is a possible target for dietary strategies seeking to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, including in overweight and obese individuals. Apples contain pectin and polyphenols that have shown potential to modulate PPL in in vitro and animal studies. However, whole apples, as a complex food matrix, have not been investigated in terms of their impact on PPL in humans. Therefore, this study used an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) with the aim of exploring the influence of co-ingesting whole apples with a high fat dairy beverage on PPL and possible mediators, including chylomicron metabolism, glycemia, insulinemia and gastric emptying in generally healthy, but overweight and obese adults. Methods Six overweight and 20 obese participants (17 women and 9 men, mean ± SEM age of 45.5 ± 3.1 years, BMI of 34.1 ± 0.2 kg/m2, and fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) of 1.38 ± 0.08 mmol/L) completed this randomized, crossover acute meal study. After fasted participants consumed the OFTT (1 g fat/kg body weight, containing 1500 mg acetaminophen per meal for estimating gastric emptying rate) with and without 3 apples (∼200 g), plasma TAG, ApoB48, glucose, insulin, acetaminophen, and chylomicron-rich fraction (CMRF) particle size and fatty acid composition were analyzed over 6 hours. Differences in postprandial response (i.e., mean concentration, peak concentration (Cmax), time to peak (Tmax) and incremental area under the curve) between treatments were assessed by analysis of covariance. Results Consuming whole apples with the OFTT did not modify postprandial TAG, CMRF properties, glucose or gastric emptying rate (P > 0.05), but led to a higher Apo48 peak concentration (P < 0.01) and higher insulin concentrations between 20–180 min (P < 0.05). Conclusions Consumption of apples, as a complex food matrix containing pectin and polyphenols, did not alter overall PPL following a high fat meal, but did lead to initially higher postprandial insulin. These results have relevance for using apples as a dietary strategy to manage CVD risk associated with high fat consumption in overweight and obese individuals. Funding Sources Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) and Ontario Apple Growers, Canada.