E. coli Nissle 1917 modulates host glucose metabolism without directly acting on glucose

Managing postprandial glycemic response, or the increase in blood sugar following a meal, is a crucial component to maintaining healthy blood sugar in patients with diabetes. To test whether oral probiotics can impact postprandial glycemic response, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was evaluated in an oral glucose tolerance test. Oral gavage of EcN concurrent with a glucose bolus reduced the post-gavage glycemic response in mice. However, there was no difference in glycemic response when comparing EcN to a mutant deficient in glucose metabolism. This suggests that while EcN can alter glycemic response to a glucose bolus, this effect is not mediated by direct uptake of glucose. Of the possible indirect effects EcN could have, gastric emptying rate was highlighted as a likely cause, but EcN had no effect on gastric emptying rate in mice. This leaves many more possible indirect explanations for the interaction between EcN and host glucose metabolism to be explored in future work.

Plasma GLP-1 response to oral and intraduodenal nutrients in health and type 2 diabetes – impact on gastric emptying

Context Both gastric emptying and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are major determinants of postprandial glycemia in health and type 2 diabetes (T2D). GLP-1 secretion after a meal is dependent on the entry of nutrients into the small intestine, which, in turn, slows gastric emptying. Objective To define the relationship between gastric emptying and the GLP-1 response to both oral and small intestinal nutrients in subjects with and without T2D. Design We evaluated: (i) the relationship between gastric emptying (breath test) and postprandial GLP-1 levels after a mashed potato meal in 73 T2D subjects; (ii) inter-individual variations in GLP-1 response to (a) intraduodenal glucose (4kcal/min) during euglycemia and hyperglycemia in 11 healthy, and 12 T2D, subjects, (b) intraduodenal fat (2kcal/min) in 15 T2D subjects, and (c) intraduodenal protein (3kcal/min) in 10 healthy subjects; and (iii) the relationship between gastric emptying (breath test) of 75g oral glucose and the GLP-1 response to intraduodenal glucose (4kcal/min) in 21 subjects (9 healthy, 12 T2D). Results The GLP-1 response to the mashed potato meal was unrelated to the gastric half-emptying time (T50). The GLP-1 responses to intraduodenal glucose, fat and protein varied substantially between individuals, but intra-individual variation to glucose was modest. The T50 of oral glucose was related directly to the GLP-1 response to intraduodenal glucose (r=0.65, P=0.002). Conclusions In a given individual, gastric emptying is not a determinant of the postprandial GLP-1 response. However, the intrinsic gastric emptying rate is determined in part by the responsiveness of GLP-1 to intestinal nutrients.

Effect of DA-9701 on the Gastrointestinal Motility in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Background: Compared to the general population, diabetic patients experience more frequent episodes of gastrointestinal (GI) motility dysfunction, owing to the disruption of functional innervations. DA-9701 is a new prokinetic agent formulated from the extracts of Pharbitidis semen and Corydalis tuber. Aim: To investigate the effect of DA-9701 on GI motility in an animal model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Methods: Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg of body weight in 0.1 M citrate buffer) for 3 days. Diabetic mice were divided into four groups and administered DA-9701 in different doses (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) or placebo for 2 weeks. Intestinal transit was assessed using charcoal meal movement. GI isometric contraction was measured by applying an isometric force transducer on a circular muscle strip of the antrum, ileum, and proximal colon of sacrificed mice. Gastric emptying rate was evaluated by measuring the dye percentage remaining in the stomach relative to the total dye amount recovered in a standardization group of mice. Results: Body weight and antral and small intestinal motility were less in diabetic mice than in control mice, and colonic motility was similar in both. DA-9701 showed a dose-dependent increase in the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contractions in the antrum, ileum, and colon in diabetic mice without influencing body weight or blood glucose levels. The degree of improvement was comparable between diabetic and control mice. Intestinal transit was significantly more delayed in diabetic mice than in controls (43 ± 7% vs. 67 ± 8%, p < 0.05); however, DA-9701 restored the delayed intestinal transit more effectively compared to placebo (75% vs. 50%). The gastric emptying rate was significantly more delayed in diabetic mice than in controls (43 ± 10% vs. 62 ± 12%, p < 0.05), and was improved by DA-9701 in a dose-dependent manner (50%, 55%, and 60% in mice treated with 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of DA-9701, respectively, vs. 43% in placebo-treated and 60% in control mice). Conclusions: DA-9701 improved GI contractility without affecting blood sugar and body weight in diabetic mice. DA-9701 could improve the decreased GI motility and clinical symptoms in progressive diabetic patients.

Effect of Total Starch and Resistant Starch in Commercial Extruded Dog Foods on Gastric Emptying in Siberian Huskies

Gastric emptying rate (GER) may impact diabetes and obesity in humans and could provide a method to reduce canine weight gain. Starch, the most common source of carbohydrates (CHOs) in pet food, is classified as rapidly or slowly digestible, or resistant to digestion. This study investigated starch source effects in commercial extruded dog foods on the GER of 11 healthy adult Siberian Huskies. Test diets were classified as traditional, grain-free, whole-grain, and vegan. Dogs received each diet once, a glucose control twice, and acetaminophen (Ac) as a marker for GER in a randomized, partially replicated, 6 × 6 Latin square design. Pre- and post-prandial blood samples were collected at 16 timepoints from −15 to 480 min. Serum Ac concentrations were assessed via standard spectrophotometric assays and fitted with a mathematical model to estimate parameters of GER. Parameter values were subjected to ANOVA, with period and treatment as fixed effects and dog as a random effect. More total emptying (p = 0.074) occurred at a faster rate (p = 0.028) in dogs fed the grain-free diet, which contained the lowest total starch (34.03 ± 0.23%) and highest resistant starch (0.52 ± 0.007%). This research may benefit future diet formulations to reduce the prevalence of canine weight gain.

Riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.) slows gastric emptying and improves the postprandial glycemic response

Postprandial glycemia is a key determinant of overall glycemic control. One mechanism by which dietary strategies can reduce postprandial glycemic excursions is by slowing gastric emptying. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of ingesting riceberry rice (RR) compared to that of ingesting white rice (WR) on gastric emptying rate (GER), plasma glucose, and glucose-regulating hormones, including insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), in healthy subjects. A randomized, open-label, within-subject, crossover study was performed in 6 healthy men. GER was measured by scintigraphy over 240 minutes, and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, GLP-1 and GIP were measured at multiple time points over 180 minutes. This study revealed that RR slows GER with a reduction in postprandial plasma glucose concentrations compared to WR. Plasma insulin and GLP-1 concentrations did not differ between RR and WR. However, plasma GIP concentrations were markedly increased after WR ingesting versus after RR ingestion. We conclude that RR attenuates postprandial glycemia by slowing GER without altering plasma insulin or GLP-1. Plasma GIP concentrations are likely related to differences in GER and carbohydrate absorption. We propose that dietary fiber-enriched foods, including RR, could contribute to improvement in postprandial glycemia via delayed gastric emptying.

Effect of Total Starch and Resistant Starch in Commercial Extruded Dog Foods on Gastric Emptying in Non-Racing Sled Dogs

Gastric emptying rate (GER) may impact diabetes and obesity in humans and could provide a method to reduce canine weight gain. Starch, the most common source of carbohydrates (CHOs) in pet food, is classified as rapidly or slowly digestible, or resistant to digestion. This study investigated starch source effects in commercial extruded dog foods on the GER of 11 healthy adult Siberian Huskies (5.63&plusmn;0.72 years; mean&plusmn;SEM). Test diets were classified as traditional, grain-free, whole-grain, and vegan. Dogs received each diet once, a glucose control twice, and acetaminophen (Ac) as a marker for GER in a randomized, partially-replicated, 6x6 Latin square design. Pre- and post-prandial blood samples were collected at 16 timepoints from -15 to 480 minutes. Serum Ac concentrations were assessed via standard spectrophotometric assays and fitted with a mathematical model to estimate parameters of GER. Data was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA, followed by a Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test when significant (p&lt;0.05). More total emptying (p= 0.0430) occurred at faster rate (p=0.0668) in dogs fed the grain-free diet, which contained the lowest total starch (34.03 &plusmn; 0.23%) and highest resistant starch (0.52 &plusmn; 0.007%). This research may benefit future diet formulations to reduce the prevalence of canine weight gain.

Rapid Liquid Phase Gastric Emptying May Be The Harbinger Of Sustained Weight Loss After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Study Contextual: 15-20 % Of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients need revisional surgery after LSG, because of inadequate weight loss. Aim: The aim of our study is, primarily to analyze the relationship between liquid-phase gastric emptying rate and weight loss, to find a parameter that may be the harbinger of successful weight loss after LSG. Methods: Patient records who have undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were examined retrospectively. 44 Patients were included in the study. Preoperative weight and BMI, postoperative weight loss at first, third, and sixth months, surgical operation reports, preoperative and postoperative liquid-phase gastric emptying study values were mainly collected. Results: The male/ female ratio was 18/82. Mean age 38 (19-60), mean body mass index 48,1(40-66) kg/m² and mean (EWL%) 63,17±13,94 were found. Mean pre and post-operative gastric emptying half times were found to be (T½) 41,86 minute(min), T½ 6,82 min (p<0.0001). Significant correlation was found between patients’ post-operative third and sixth month EWL% and post-operative T½ (p=0,020, p=0,032). Patients who have post-op gastric T½ above 10 min had decreased sixth-month EWL% significantly (p=0.03). Conclusion: Post-operative gastric emptying time (T½) may be a harbinger of weight loss after LSG.

E. Coli Nissle 1917 Modulates Host Glucose Metabolism Without Directly Acting On Glucose

Managing postprandial glycemic response, or the increase in blood sugar following a meal, is a crucial component to maintaining healthy blood sugar in patients with diabetes. To test whether oral probiotics can impact postprandial glycemic response, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was evaluated in an oral glucose tolerance test. Oral gavage of EcN concurrent with a glucose bolus reduced the post-gavage glycemic response in mice. However, there was no difference in glycemic response when comparing EcN to a mutant deficient in glucose metabolism. This suggests that while EcN can alter glycemic response to a glucose bolus, this effect is not mediated by direct uptake of glucose. Of the possible indirect effects EcN could have, gastric emptying rate was highlighted as a likely cause, but EcN had no effect on gastric emptying rate in mice. This leaves many more possible indirect explanations for the interaction between EcN and host glucose metabolism to be explored in future work.

The Effect of Continuous Intake of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 on Mild to Moderate Delayed Gastric Emptying: A Randomized Controlled Study

Probiotics have been suggested to be effective for functional dyspepsia, but their effect on gastric motility is not clear. We evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 (LG21 strain) on mild to moderate delayed gastric emptying by a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Participants (n = 28) were randomly assigned to ingest LG21 strain-containing yogurt (LG21 strain group) or LG21 strain-free yogurt (placebo group) for 12 weeks. The 13C gastric emptying breath test was performed to measure the gastric emptying rate over time following ingestion of a liquid meal, and the time to reach the peak (Tmax) was used as an indicator of gastric emptying. We also measured the salivary amylase concentration, an indicator of autonomic dysfunction under stress. The per-protocol population (n = 27, male n = 4, female n = 23) was evaluated for efficacy. When a ≥30% reduction in the difference between participant’s Tmax and the Japanese mean Tmax was defined as an improvement, the odds ratio of improvement in delayed gastric emptying compared to placebo after 12 weeks was 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 20.2). Moreover, salivary amylase concentrations were significantly lower than in the placebo group, indicating an improvement in autonomic function. The present data were not enough to support the beneficial effects of the LG21 strain on delayed gastric emptying. However, if we define the odds ratio in further study investigated with a larger number of participants, LG21 strain might be expected to have some impact on delayed gastric emptying.