THE RULE OF LAW IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW VERSUS THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY IN SOUTH AFRICAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: SOME OBSERVATIONS

The rule of law is expressly mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The principle of legality has flourished in South African administrative law since its recognition and reception into our law in Fedsure Life Assurance Ltd v Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council 1999 (1) SA 374 (CC). The Indian Constitution does not contain an equivalent expression of the rule of law. Notably, how persons and societies in India govern themselves is premised upon beliefs akin to the rule of law. Moreover, Indian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the theory of the rule of law as advocated by Dicey. Whilst Indian administrative law relies heavily upon the rule of law to judicially review conduct that is capricious, South African administrative law has come to rely on the incident of the rule of law, namely the principle of legality. This contribution inspects some of the reasons why the rule of law is heavily relied on in Indian administrative law – where it essentially mirrors the South African administrative law principle of legality. This contribution also suggests reasons as to why the principle of legality is so prevalent in South African administrative law as opposed to merely the rule of law as employed by the Indian courts in Indian administrative law.

Conversion of corn fiber into fuel ethanol

Corn fiber due to its chemical composition (up to 20% starch, 50 - 60% non-starch polysaccharides) and availability has potential to serve as a substrate for manufacture of various products, including fuel ethanol. This paper deals with assessment of fiber-to-ethanol conversion. The water/dry fiber ratio in suspensions was 10/1. Enzyme liquefaction and saccharification of residual starch in corn fiber was carried out in two steps with thermostable α-amylase (20 min, 120°C) and mixture of pullulanase and glucomalyse (24 hours, 60°C). Procedures resulted in release of 57.7±1.6 mg of glucose per gram of dry fiber basis. It responds to the dextrose equivalent expression to 96.7±2.2%. By fermentation of the starch hydrolysates by yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCY-11-3 (5% v/v inoculum, 28°C, 72 hours) 0.48 g of ethanol per gram of glucose in hydrolysates was obtained. The solids after starch hydrolysis were separated by filtration and processed by acid pretreatment (0.1 g of conc. HCl/g of biomass/5 ml of water, 120°C, 20 min) with subsequent enzyme hydrolysis (24 hours, 60°C) by the multienzyme preparations containing cellulases and hemicellulases. Overall yield of reducing sugars after these two steps was 740.7±3.9 mg/gram of dry corn fiber basis. Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates by yeasts Pichia stipitis CCY-39-50-1 and Candida shehatea CCY-29-68-4 (in both cases 5% v/v inoculum, 28°C, 72 hours) resulted in 0.38 and 0.12 g of ethanol per gram of reducing sugars. The results indicate that applied pretreatment methods and used microorganisms are able to produce ethanol from corn fiber.

Importance analysis on failure credibility of the fuzzy structure

To measure the effects of the fuzzy inputs on structural safety degree, this paper establishes the failure credibility-based global sensitivity by the fuzzy expected value of the absolute difference between the unconditional failure credibility and conditional one. To establish the failure credibility-based global sensitivity, the conditional failure credibility is firstly defined according to the original definition of conditional event and the relationship among the possibility, necessity and credibility, in which no extra assumption is introduced. After that, the equivalent expression of the failure credibility is deduced, on which the Bayesian transformation of the conditional failure credibility is obtained in this paper. Then, a single-loop method based on the sequential quadratic programming is applied to efficiently estimate the defined failure credibility-based global sensitivity. According to the result of the constructed failure credibility-based global sensitivity, designers can pay more attentions to the more important fuzzy inputs to have a better control of the structural safety degree. The presented examples demonstrate the feasibility of the constructed failure credibility-based global sensitivity and the efficiency of the proposed solution.

Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa linn. in managing Fgf21 resistance in diet-induced-obesity rats via miR-34a regulation

Background Obesity is a cause of Fgf21 resistance, which affects the browning and thermogenesis process of the adipose tissue. Decreased receptor expression is influenced by microRNA 34a (miR-34a), whose expression is increased in obesity. While Fgf21-based therapies have been widely investigated, the potential activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extract (HSE) against Fgf21 resistance is unknown. This study aims to determine the effects of HSE on the expression of miR-34a and Fgf21 receptors in white adipose tissue. Methods This experimental study used 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats and divided into four groups: Control (N); diet-induced-obesity rats (DIO); DIO rats with HSE 200 mg/kgBW/day and DIO rats with HSE 400 mg/kgBW/day. Rats were fed a high-fat diet for 17 weeks. HSE was administered daily for five weeks. The administration of HSE 400 mg/kg BW/day resulted in the equivalent expression of miR-34a to that of the control (p > 0.05). Results Fgfr1 receptor expression was also similar to controls (p > 0.05). Beta-klotho expression was significantly lower than that of Control (p < 0.05) but equivalent to that of DIO rats (p < 0.05). Conclusions H. sabdariffa has the potential to reduce Fgf21 resistance in DIO rats through the suppression of miR-34a expression and an increase in the number of Fgfr1 and beta-klotho receptors in adipose tissue.

Translation Analysis of Student’s Work (Study of Poetry Translation)

The literary translation still becomes such of debating among several experts and researchers, especially at translation studies. The aim of this study was to find out what kinds of techniques of translation were applied in translating the poems of Maya Angelou, and how the appropriateness of techniques were applied by the students. Mollina & Albir’s classification of translation techniqueswas used as the primary theory in the analysis of the translation texts.This study was descriptive qualitaive and content analysis. The data were taken from text translations of two poems which consist of 550 data from 10 students as translators. The research findings revealed that14 techniques were used by students. The result showed that there were 14 translation techniques which were used, compensation, literal translation, modulation, linguistic amplification, discursive creation, linguistic compression, reduction, amplification, adaptation, transposition, borrowing, established equivalent, particularization, and description. The next finding showed that the appropriate techniques wereapplied at 69.3%. Meanwhile, inappropriate techniques were at 30.7%. The conclusion of this study was that students used the most at compensation and the lowest was description. The students mostly successful in applying appropriate technique at delivering messages, but were flub in recreating thepoetical aspect in Target Language. In some cases, this indicated deficiency in determining the equivalent expression in the target text. The suggestion for further researchers is to explore a similar study by investigating on figurative speech and poetical aspect at poetry translation.

Constraint-Referenced Analytics of Algebra Learning

The development of the constraint-referenced analytics tool for monitoring algebra learning activities presented here came from the desire to firstly, take a more quantitative look at student responses in collaborative algebra activities, and secondly, to situate those activities in a more traditional introductory algebra setting focusing on procedural understanding. Procedural skill was analyzed by modeling the complexity of attempts to make equivalent transformations of algebraic expressions. The constraint-referenced analytics system uses log files of student inputs on a classroom network of handheld devices to measure success rate as students make attempts to replace one algebraic expression with another equivalent expression. The analytics engine produced psychometrically verifiable results. Moving averages of student performance revealed that when students experienced a period of struggle and persisted in attempting similar transformations, an apparent conceptual shift led to subsequent success. Students also responded to periods of struggle by switching to familiar tasks or choosing non-participation.

Quantifying cellular capacity to identify gene expression designs with reduced burden

Heterologous gene expression can be a significant burden to cells, consuming resources and causing decreased growth and stability. We describe here anin vivomonitor that tracksE. colicapacity changes in real-time and can be used to assay the burden synthetic constructs and their parts impose. By measuring capacity, construct designs with reduced burden can be identified and shown to predictably outperform less efficient designs, despite having equivalent expression outputs.