Etiquette and Tasks of Translators Working in the Political and Diplomatic Fields

The article is devoted to determining the correct behaviour, role and tasks of translators working in the political and diplomatic sphere The translator, according to scientists, plays an essential role in communication between people, the development of various scientifc felds from culture to diplomacy and communication This article focuses on the role of an interpreter in the political and diplomatic sphere A translator working in the diplomatic feld has several tasks, and following these tasks, he must comply with certain standards of conduct The article deals with the necessary moral and ethical standards of behaviour and the social and cultural task of the translator in this area This socio-cultural task is essential when communicating with local colleagues, the population, politicians and diplomats As for the social task, the translator contributes to the dissemination and development of social phenomena of one society in another and helps to bring together the views of different peoples by translating their literary and socio-cultural works and creating the necessary prerequisites for establishing political contacts The article focuses on the role of the translation profession in bilateral negotiations, interpretation, and the challenges that professional diplomatic translators face During their investigation, the authors used observation methods, generalisation, interpretation of results, and various articles written on this topic.

ANEGMA: an automated negotiation model for e-markets

We present a novel negotiation model that allows an agent to learn how to negotiate during concurrent bilateral negotiations in unknown and dynamic e-markets. The agent uses an actor-critic architecture with model-free reinforcement learning to learn a strategy expressed as a deep neural network. We pre-train the strategy by supervision from synthetic market data, thereby decreasing the exploration time required for learning during negotiation. As a result, we can build automated agents for concurrent negotiations that can adapt to different e-market settings without the need to be pre-programmed. Our experimental evaluation shows that our deep reinforcement learning based agents outperform two existing well-known negotiation strategies in one-to-many concurrent bilateral negotiations for a range of e-market settings.

Bilateral trade with a benevolent intermediary

We study intermediaries who seek to maximize gains from trade in bilateral negotiations. Intermediaries are players: they cannot commit to act against their objective function and deny, in some cases, trade they believe to be beneficial. This impairs their ability to assist the parties relative to conventional mechanisms. We analyze this limited commitment environment as a standard mechanism design problem with an additional “credibility” constraint, requiring that every outcome be interim‐optimal conditional on available information. We investigate how such intermediaries communicate with the parties, analyze the tradeoffs they face, and study the bounds on what they can achieve.

A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach to Concurrent Bilateral Negotiation

We present a novel negotiation model that allows an agent to learn how to negotiate during concurrent bilateral negotiations in unknown and dynamic e-markets. The agent uses an actor-critic architecture with model-free reinforcement learning to learn a strategy expressed as a deep neural network. We pre-train the strategy by supervision from synthetic market data, thereby decreasing the exploration time required for learning during negotiation. As a result, we can build automated agents for concurrent negotiations that can adapt to different e-market settings without the need to be pre-programmed. Our experimental evaluation shows that our deep reinforcement learning based agents outperform two existing well-known negotiation strategies in one-to-many concurrent bilateral negotiations for a range of e-market settings.

COVID-19 could precipitate a new African debt crisis

Subject The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on Africa's debt landscape. Significance African finance ministers, backed by the UN, have called for a coordinated debt relief package to avert a looming debt crisis that could be precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In parallel, individual countries such as Nigeria have begun separate bilateral negotiations with their creditors, underscoring the region’s more complicated debt landscape since the first wave of debt relief in the 2000s. Impacts Hopes of a rebound in global economic conditions in 2021 will limit the extent of any debt relief offered. Countries with already high debt burdens and weak external accounts (Angola, Zambia) are most at risk of falling into debt distress. Disorderly defaults could trigger a 1980s-style debt crisis, which froze access to commercial capital for two decades.

How Democracies Keep the Peace: Contextual Factors That Influence Conflict Management Strategies

Some studies find that democratic states are more amenable to third party forms of conflict management, while other studies indicate that democracies are able to resolve contentious issues on their own through bilateral negotiations. Using data from the Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) Project, the authors investigate peaceful and militarized conflict management strategies that democratic states employ to resolve contentious issues. Theoretically, the authors focus on how militarized conflict history, relative capabilities, and issue salience influence the tools of conflict management that democratic states employ. Empirical analyses suggest that democratic dyads employ bilateral negotiations more often to resolve contentious issues when the issue has been militarized previously, when the issue is more salient, and when they are facing an equal adversary. Democratic dyads seek out non-binding third party settlement more frequently in situations of power preponderance than non-democratic dyads, although binding forms of third party settlement occur most often in relatively equal democratic dyads. Pairs of democracies are more likely to employ militarized conflict management strategies when they have resorted to force over the issue previously, when the issue is highly salient, and when they are evenly matched.

The Role of the Sultanate of Morocco in the First Moroccan Crisis

The article analyses the preconditions for the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 and the domestic political situation in Morocco at the time of the increasing struggle between European powers for the influence over the country. The author focuses on the external policy of Morocco during bilateral negotiations and in multilateral dialogue on the conference of Algeciras. The article aims to assess the Sultanate’s scope for independent policy decisions and to determine the impact of its foreign policy on the course of the crisis.