scholarly journals Emerging roles of APLN and APELA in the physiology and pathology of the female reproductive system

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10245
Author(s):  
Xueying Wang ◽  
Xiaofei Liu ◽  
Zifan Song ◽  
Xin Shen ◽  
Siying Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Body Distribution ◽  
Common Receptor ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Intracellular Cascades

APLN, APELA and their common receptor APLNR (composing the apelinergic axis) have been described in various species with extensive body distribution and multiple physiological functions. Recent studies have witnessed emerging intracellular cascades triggered by APLN and APELA which play crucial roles in female reproductive organs, including hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, ovary, oviduct, uterus and placenta. However, a comprehensive summary of APLN and APELA roles in physiology and pathology of female reproductive system has not been reported to date. In this review, we aim to concentrate on the general characteristics of APLN and APELA, as well as their specific physiological roles in female reproductive system. Meanwhile, the pathological contexts of apelinergic axis dysregulation in the obstetrics and gynecology are also summarized here, suggesting its potential prospect as a diagnostic biomarker and/or therapeutic intervention in the polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian cancer, preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Exosomes as Biomarkers for Female Reproductive Diseases Diagnosis and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2165
Author(s):  
Sahar Esfandyari ◽  
Hoda Elkafas ◽  
Rishi Man Chugh ◽  
Hang-soo Park ◽  
Antonia Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
System Today

Cell–cell communication is an essential mechanism for the maintenance and development of various organs, including the female reproductive system. Today, it is well-known that the function of the female reproductive system and successful pregnancy are related to appropriate follicular growth, oogenesis, implantation, embryo development, and proper fertilization, dependent on the main regulators of cellular crosstalk, exosomes. During exosome synthesis, selective packaging of different factors into these vesicles happens within the originating cells. Therefore, exosomes contain both genetic and proteomic data that could be applied as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in pregnancy-associated disorders or placental functions. In this context, the present review aims to compile information about the potential exosomes with key molecular cargos that are dysregulated in female reproductive diseases which lead to infertility, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), Asherman syndrome, endometriosis, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and preeclampsia, as well as signaling pathways related to the regulation of the reproductive system and pregnancy outcome during these pathological conditions. This review might help us realize the etiology of reproductive dysfunction and improve the early diagnosis and treatment of the related complications.

scholarly journals Menstrual and reproductive function repair in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity by correcting of glucose intolerance

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
O I Lineva ◽  
M V Glukhova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Total Treatment

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sibutramine on metabolic and hormonal parameters in women with PCOS and obesity. Materials and methods. The study included 53 women aged 18 to 35 years (mean age 31,3 ± 1,1 years) with PCOS and obesity. All patients received therapy with sibutramine. The total treatment duration was 6 months. The treatment was evaluated monthly nature of the menstrual cycle, anthropometric parameters (body weight, BMI, ON, ON, ON / OF). The Results. The studies found that after 3 months of treatment with weight loss was 8,1 ± 0,31 kg, after 6 months - 13,1 ± 0,78 kg (p 0,05). Results of the survey of women included in this study strongly support the negative impact of obesity on the functional state of the reproductive system, evidenced by the high incidence of anovulation, rhythm disturbances of menstruation (amenorrhea up to), infertility. Conclusions. The obtained results once again confirm the high efficacy and safety of sibutramine to reduce body mass, suggest correction of metabolic, hormonal disorders and positive impact on women's reproductive health. This allows us to consider the use of sibutramine in women with PCOS and obesity as a way to restore the endocrine function of the reproductive system.

scholarly journals The Role of Apelin in the Functioning of the Reproductive System

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A. O. Shpakov ◽  
K. V. Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cancer Information ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Wide Range

Adipokine apelin through the apelin receptors activates a wide range of signaling cascades in the target cells and controls their growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. In the recent years, the evidence has been obtained that all components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis, in which apelin and its receptor are expressed, are targets of apelin. In the hypothalamus, apelin modulates the activity of the melanocortin and ghrelin systems and indirectly affects the production of gonadoliberin. In the ovaries, it controls the growth and maturation of the follicles, stimulates the angiogenesis, and affects the basal and stimulated by the other factors steroidogenic activity in follicular cells. The changes in the apelin signaling system are closely associated with dysfunctions of the female reproductive system, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer. Information on the regulation of the male reproductive system by apelin is limited to animal studies showing the effect of apelin on the hypothalamic components of the gonad axis. The participation of apelin in the regulation of the reproductive system opens up the broad opportunities for the development of new approaches for the correction of abnormalities in this system and for the treatment of infertility.

scholarly journals Impaired Regulation of Gonadotropins Leads to the Atrophy of the Female Reproductive System in klotho-Deficient Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryusuke Toyama ◽  
Toshihiko Fujimori ◽  
Yoko Nabeshima ◽  
Yoshiko Itoh ◽  
Yoshihito Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Female Sterility ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Deficient Mice

klotho-Deficient mice exhibit a syndrome resembling human premature ageing, with multiple pathological phenotypes in tissues including reproductive organs. It was proposed that Klotho might possess the hormonal effects on many organs. In this study, the female reproductive system of klotho mice was examined to reveal the mechanism that brought the female sterility by histological and molecular approaches. We observed cessation of ovarian follicular maturation at the preantral stage and the presence of numerous atretic ovarian follicles and atrophic uteri. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that LH receptor and aromatase P450 were not expressed in the ovaries. These results suggest the impairment of gonadal development during the antral transition process. We next addressed the responsible organs for the failure of antral transition. Transplantation of klotho ovaries to wild-type mice resulted in the ability to bear offspring. Administration of FSH or GnRH induced advanced maturation of ovaries and uteri in klotho mice. These results indicate that the female reproductive organs in klotho mice are potentially functional and that klotho gene deficiency leads to the atrophy of reproductive organs via impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Absence of the estrus cycle and constant low trends of both FSH and LH levels were found in female klotho mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the production of both FSH and LH were decreased in pituitary gland. Taken together, our findings suggest the involvement of klotho in the regulatory control of pituitary hormones.

Anti-Müllerian hormone in female reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie di Clemente ◽  
Chrystèle Racine ◽  
Alice Pierre ◽  
Joëlle Taieb
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Reliable Marker

Abstract Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the eighties. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, gonadotropins and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

scholarly journals A Study on Physical and Physiological Impact of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathish Kumar B.P ◽  
Dr. Sayantan Ghosh ◽  
Dr. Lipika Das ◽  
Dr. Aksa Merin Jose
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Polycystic Ovaries ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Complications

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a relatively common hormonal disorder that causes a number of different symptoms in women of reproductive age. In such conditions, enlarged ovaries containing multiple small cysts (polycystic ovaries), are found. Although most women with PCOS have polycystic ovaries, some affected women do not. Common to all women with PCOS is an irregularity in menstrual cycle and the presence of excess male hormones (androgen). It disrupts the functioning of the reproductive organs that produce progesterone and estrogen, the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. A prospective observational study was carried out in 125 inpatients, after taking written informed consent from patients those who met the study criteria. A total of 125 patients were enrolled in the study, it was observed that 17.74% have experienced moderate depression, 18.54% patients experienced major irregular menstrual period problem, 2-25% of the patients were dealing with body weight, and 6.45% patients were identified that the growth of visible hair on the upper lip as a major problem. It was also found that 8.87% of patients experienced major menstrual cramps and patients were found worried about PCOS and hence disturbing their quality of life. Various long-term complication and co morbidities have been associated with PCOS and early diagnosed and therapeutic interventions are needed. PCOS is a chronic disease with manifestations across the life span and represents a major health and economic burden. Management should focus on support, education, addressing physiological factors and strongly emphasizing healthy lifestyle with targeted medical therapy as required. Addressing hyperandrogenism is clinically important and monitoring for and managing longer-term metabolic complications including dyslipidemia, IGT, DM2, cardiovascular risk factors, is crucial. Overall, further research is needed in this complex condition.

Studies on the marsupial glider, Schoinobates volans (Kerr) I. Reproduction

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFC Smith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Second Year

Field data were obtained during the period September 1962-January 1965 from 710 greater gliders, S. volans, in a natural population. Histological changes were observed in the reproductive tracts of another 129 animals shot during this period. S. volans has a short breeding season in March, April, and May, after which involution of the reproductive organs occurs in both sexes. The species is monovular and polyoestrous. Sexual maturity is attained by both sexes in the second year, following which breeding probably occurs annually. The female reproductive system shows several primitive and anomalous features, among which is the retention of the Wolffian ducts in the adult. The histology of ovaries, uteri, and vaginae at various stages of the reproductive cycle is briefly described.

scholarly journals The Role of Zinc in Selected Female Reproductive System Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Marzenna Nasiadek ◽  
Joanna Stragierowicz ◽  
Michał Klimczak ◽  
Anna Kilanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Post Menopausal

Zinc is an essential microelement that plays many important functions in the body. It is crucial for the regulation of cell growth, hormone release, immunological response and reproduction. This review focuses on its importance in the reproductive system of women of reproductive and postmenopausal ages, not including its well described role in pregnancy. Only recently, attention has been drawn to the potential role of zinc in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), dysmenorrhea, or endometriosis. This review is mainly based on 36 randomized, controlled studies on reproductive, pre- and post-menopausal populations of women and on research trying to explain the potential impact of zinc and its supplementation in the etiology of selected female reproductive system disorders. In women with PCOS, zinc supplementation has a positive effect on many parameters, especially those related to insulin resistance and lipid balance. In primary dysmenorrhea, zinc supplementation before and during each menstrual cycle seems to be an important factor reducing the intensity of menstrual pain. On the other hand, little is known of the role of zinc in endometriosis and in postmenopausal women. Therefore, further studies explaining the potential impact of zinc and its supplementation on female reproductive system would be highly advisable and valuable.

Adipokines in human reproduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Dupont ◽  
Xavier Pollet-Villard ◽  
Maxime Reverchon ◽  
Namya Mellouk ◽  
Rachel Levy
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Human Reproductive

AbstractAdipose tissue communicates with other central and peripheral organs by the synthesis and release of substances called adipokines. The most studied adipokine is leptin but others have been recently identified including resistin, adiponectin, chemerin, omentin and visfatin. These adipokines have a critical role in the development of obesity-related complications and inflammatory conditions. However, they are also involved in other functions in the organism including reproductive functions. Indeed, many groups have demonstrated that adipokine receptors, such as adiponectin and chemerin, but also adipokines themselves (adiponectin, chemerin, resistin, visfatin and omentin) are expressed in human peripheral reproductive tissues and that these adipokines are likely to exert direct effects on these tissues. After a brief description of these new adipokines, an overview of their actions in different human reproductive organs (hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, testis, uterus and placenta) will be presented. Finally, comments will be made on the eventual alterations of these adipokines in reproductive disorders, with special attention to polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease characterized by dysfunction of gonadal axis and systemic nerve endocrine metabolic network with a prevalence of up to 10% in women of reproductive age.

scholarly journals Obesity and reproductive function of women: epigenetic and somato-psychological features

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Elena N. Andreeva ◽  
Yulia S. Absatarova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Sheremetyeva ◽  
Valentina A. Fursenko
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Acid Deficiency ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

The review article presents data on the effects of obesity on the female reproductive system and offspring of mothers with overweight or obesity, such as infertility, miscarriages, premature birth, stillbirth, congenital anomalies and prematurity, as well as a high risk of cesarean section. Obesity accompanies polycystic ovary syndrome, worsening the metabolic profile and increasing the risk of developing depression and eating disorders. Maternal obesity and hyperglycemia are able to influence the formation of the fetus by epigenetic mechanisms without affecting the nucleotide sequences. Subsequently, the metabolic and cardiovascular risks increase in the descendants of obese or overweight mothers and gestational diabetes. Patients with obesity are characterized by a folic acid deficiency and a deficiency of the luteal phase. Exogenous administration of these substances improves pregnancy outcomes and prevents congenital malformations.

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