LOSS OF GREEN COLOR AND CHANGES IN KERNEL WEIGHT FOLLOWING WINDROWING OF IMMATURE WHEAT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Kernel ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Forced Air

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of stage of maturity at harvest on kernel weight and color of two cultivars each of hard red spring (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) wheat dried in windrows or artificially following threshing. Plots were cut at kernel water concentrations (KWC) ranging from approximately 160 to 2200 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight and left in the field to dry in simulated windrows. A subsample was threshed and the grain dried in a forced-air oven at 40 °C and under ambient laboratory conditions of 25–30 °C. Percent green kernels and kernel weights were determined on the field- and artificially-dried samples. Differences among cultivars in green kernel percentage appeared to be largely related to maturity differences. Green kernel percentage dropped below 0.75 (top commercial grade tolerance) at higher harvest KWC in the windrowed samples than in the artificially dried samples. In unevenly matured crops, green kernel percentages in excess of 0.75% remained a risk even at harvest KWC approaching combine ripeness (170 g kg−1). There was little difference in green kernel percentage of the ambient-air-dried and oven-dried grain when harvested at commercially realistic KWC less than 250 g kg−1. Kernel weight increased in windrowed wheat harvested at KWC greater than 1200 g kg−1, presumably through translocation of assimilates from the straw. No such translocation was detected in wheat windrowed within the recommended KWC range of 640–670 g kg−1.Key words: Ambient air drying, artificial drying, windrowing, wheat (hard red spring), wheat (durum)

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF IRRIGATED SOFT WHITE SPRING WHEAT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Yield Test ◽  
Forced Air

The soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Dirkwin and Fielder, and the hard red spring wheat cultivar Neepawa were grown under irrigation for 2 yr. Plots were harvested at seven kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the 45–15% moisture range. Material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing. Yield, test weight, 100-kernel weight, grain N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Yield and grain N content were not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of artificially dried material increased as cutting was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. In the windrowed treatment, test weight of Neepawa changed very little with cutting time, while that of Dirkwin and Fielder increased to a maximum at 25% KMC. The 1000-kernel weights of the cultivars increased as KMC fell in one of the two years. Falling number was constant for all cutting times in the windrowed treatment, but increased linearly as KMC at harvest fell in the artifically dried treatment. Commercial grades in the windrowed material had reached maximum by 35% KMC in all three cultivars. In the artificially dried material, maximum grades were not obtained unless cutting was delayed until KMC values of 20% or less were reached. Material cut at higher KMC levels lost grade due to the presence of immature kernels and to low test weight.

scholarly journals AAC Redstar hard red spring wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Burt ◽  
D.G. Humphreys ◽  
J. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
Denis Green ◽  
Thomas Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Moderately Resistant

AAC Redstar is an early maturing, high yielding hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the northern Canadian Prairies and eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Over three years (2016-2018) of testing in the Parkland Wheat Cooperative registration trials, AAC Redstar was 11% higher yielding than AC Splendor, 6% higher than Parata, and 4% higher than Glenn and Carberry. AAC Redstar matured 3 days earlier than Glenn, 2 days earlier than Carberry and had similar maturity to Parata. AAC Redstar was shorter than all checks except Carberry and had better lodging resistance compared to all the check cultivars in the registration trial. The test weight and thousand kernel weight of AAC Redstar were similar to Carberry. The grain protein concentration of AAC Redstar was 0.2% lower than Carberry. AAC Redstar was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight, leaf rust, stripe rust and common bunt. AAC Redstar had resistant reactions to loose smut, and stem rust. AAC Redstar was registered under the CWRS market class.

Stettler hard red spring wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M DePauw ◽  
R E Knox ◽  
F R Clarke ◽  
J M Clarke ◽  
T N McCaig
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Grain Volume Weight ◽  
End Use

Based on 34 replicated trials over 3 yr, Stettler, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), expressed significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb. Wheat and flour protein concentration were significantly greater than all of the checks except Lillian. It matured significantly later than AC Barrie and Katepwa but earlier than Superb. Stettler was significantly shorter than all of the checks except Superb and was more resistant to lodging than Katepwa and Laura. Stettler had high grain volume weight and intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Stettler expressed resistance to prevalent races of stem rust, common bunt and loose smut, with moderate susceptibility to prevalent races of leaf rust and fusarium head blight.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield, protein, disease resistance, doubled haploid

EFFECT OF KERNEL WATER CONCENTRATION AT HARVEST AND DRYING METHOD ON GRADES OF RED SPRING AND DURUM WHEATS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Drying Test

Effects of kernel water concentration at harvest, and windrow compared to artificial drying, were determined in two red spring (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars. Grain harvested at kernel water concentrations of 1000 to < 170 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight was dried in the field in simulated windrows or artificially in a forced-air oven (40–45 °C). Test weight and commercial grades were determined. Artificial drying of immature wheat reduced grades, primarily due to numbers of green kernels. Green kernel levels reduced grades of windrowed durum wheat in 1 of 3 years. In the absence of grade-limiting levels of green kernels, test weight limited grades of durum in 1 year, particularly in the windrowed treatment. In a separate experiment, percentages of green kernels were determined in field-scale windrowed and standing hard red spring and durum wheat crops. Levels of green kernels declined at similar rates in standing and windrowed crops. The kernel water concentration at which level of green kernels dropped to 0.75%, the maximum level tolerated in the top grades of hard red spring and durum wheat, was lower in dry years when maturity was forced than in moist years.Key words: Wheat (red spring), wheat (durum), windrowing, artificial drying, test weight

scholarly journals EFFECT OF TCA ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH 2,4-D ON WHEAT: CROP TOLERANCE AND TCA RESIDUES IN WHEAT

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. CESSNA ◽  
J. H. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Field Plots

The tolerance of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to TCA (trichloroacetic acid) applied alone and tank-mixed with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was assessed in weed-free field plots for three seasons. Under weed-free conditions, the interaction of 2,4-D with TCA was not significant and thus the tolerance of wheat to TCA was not increased by the addition of 2,4-D. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing rates of TCA. The number of culms headed increased with increasing rates of TCA; however, grain yield, as well as germination and plant dry weight were not affected by any TCA treatment. Residues of 2,4-D were not detected in the grain and straw at the limit of detection of the analytical method (0.05 ppm). In contrast, 1.0 and 0.79 ppm of TCA remained in the grain and straw, respectively, for the 1.12 kg/ha rate. Milling substantially reduced TCA residues originally in the treated grain, such that residues in the bran and flour were 0.25 and 0.11 ppm, respectively, for the 1.12 kg/ha rate. After baking the flour into bread, TCA residues were not detected at the limit of detection of the analytical method (0.05 ppm).Key words: TCA, 2,4-D, wheat, crop tolerance, residues

Muchmore hard red spring wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Depauw ◽  
R. E. Knox ◽  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
End Use ◽  
Moderate Resistance

DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., McCaig, T. N., Clarke, F. R. and Clarke, J. M. 2011. Muchmorehard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 797–803. Based on 36 replicated trials over 3 yr, Muchmore, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), averaged up to 20% more grain yield than the checks. It matured significantly later than AC Barrie, Katepwa and Lillian. Muchmore was significantly shorter than all of the checks and was significantly more resistant to lodging than Katepwa, Laura and Lillian. Muchmore had significantly higher test weight than Katepwa and Lillian, intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Muchmore expressed resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust and common bunt, moderate resistance to loose smut, and moderate susceptibility to fusarium head blight.

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON THE YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623
Author(s):  
J. V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
W. G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and Columbus, were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals from 45% to 15% for three growing seasons. Two drying treatments, field drying in windrows and oven drying were evaluated. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein-N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Protein-N and 1000-kernel weight were reduced when the crop was harvested above 40% and 35% KMC, respectively, but were not affected by drying method. Yield losses up to 12% were recorded with windrowing. Windrowing at 35% KMC or less in warm, dry conditions had little effect on test weight, falling numbers, and grade. Under wet conditions, windrowing above 20% KMC resulted in lower falling numbers and a loss of grade. Direct combining and artificial drying above 20% KMC lowered test weights, falling numbers and grade. The current recommendation of windrowing at 35% KMC is supported under good harvest conditions but either windrowing or straight combining at 20% KMC would be superior under damp harvest conditions.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., kernel moisture content, drying method, falling number, quality, grade

EFFECT OF KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT AT HARVEST AND WINDROW VS. ARTIFICIAL DRYING ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE ◽  
GREG E. RIEMER ◽  
JOHN V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
WILLIAM G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Forced Air

Field experiments with the oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars Random Harmon and Kelsey were conducted for 3 yrs at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, for 2 yr at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and for 3 yr with cultivars Random, Cascade and Athabasca at Beaverlodge, Alberta. Plots were harvested at kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the range of 15–45%. At Swift Current and Beaverlodge, material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing; all Saskatoon material was field-dried. Test weight, 1000-kernel weight, grain protein-N and commercial grade were determined. Grain protein-N was not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of both windrowed and artificially dried material tended to increase as harvest was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. One-thousand-kernel weight was less affected by harvest KMC, but did increase as harvest was delayed until 35% KMC in some situations. Material cut at high KMC at Swift Current and Saskatoon was downgraded due to high proportions of green kernels, and in some instances, due to low test weight. The proportion of green kernels tended to be greater in the artificially dried than in the windrowed material at high harvest KMC values. The no.1 CW grade was not reached unless harvest was delayed until KMC was less than 20%, provided that there was no secondary tillering. Mildew and staining were major grading factors at Beaverlodge during 2 yr. particularly in the windrowed treatments. Grades tended to be higher in artificially dried material when rain occurred during the harvest period. Intrapanicle differences in maturation, which produce the varying proportions of green and mature kernels, were demonstrated in excised panicles using eosin dye and 14C-sucrose.

scholarly journals Nutrition reaction of different varieties of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) bred in Karcag

2016 ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Ágnes Czimbalmos ◽  
Lilla Szűcs ◽  
József Zsembeli
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Proper Variety ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Yield

In our study the nutrition reaction of four varieties of winter wheat (KG Bendegúz, KG Kunhalom, KG Kunkapitány, KG Széphalom) has been investigated. In the experiment the effect of twenty different nutrition doses on the yield and thousand kernel weight of the wheat varieties has been studied. Significant difference could be figured out among the yield and thousand kernel weight of the wheat varieties, so the choice of the proper variety determines the quantity of yield. KG Kunkapitány had the highest yield, while KG Széphalom had the highest thousand kernel weight in the experiments. Investigating the effect of the nutrients on the yield the conclusion was that all nitrogen doses had significant yield increasing effect compared to the untreated plots, but among the 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 doses there was no statistical difference. In the case of phosphorus the 40 kg ha-1 dose showed statistically verifiable increase of the yield, while potassium doses have no influence on the yields. The thousand kernel weights reached the maximum values where the highest nutrient doses were applied.

THE EFFECT OF WINDROWING HARD RED SPRING WHEAT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY AT FOUR LOCATIONS IN WESTERN CANADA

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. DODDS ◽  
K. E. BOWREN ◽  
D. A. DEW ◽  
D. G. FARIS
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Growing Region

Hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa was windrowed at kernel moisture contents (KMC), wet basis, ranging from about 45 to 14% for 3 yr at four diverse locations, from 50° 16′ to 55° 12′ N latitude, in western Canada. Compared with windrowing at lower KMCs, cutting the crop at 35% KMC did not cause significant loss in seed yield or quality as measured by test weight (kg/hl), 1000-kernel weight, or percent protein. The results show that cutting wheat at 25–35% KMC can be recommended as a general practice throughout the wheat-growing region of the Canadian Prairies.

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