EFFECT OF KERNEL WATER CONCENTRATION AT HARVEST AND DRYING METHOD ON GRADES OF RED SPRING AND DURUM WHEATS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Drying Test

Effects of kernel water concentration at harvest, and windrow compared to artificial drying, were determined in two red spring (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars. Grain harvested at kernel water concentrations of 1000 to < 170 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight was dried in the field in simulated windrows or artificially in a forced-air oven (40–45 °C). Test weight and commercial grades were determined. Artificial drying of immature wheat reduced grades, primarily due to numbers of green kernels. Green kernel levels reduced grades of windrowed durum wheat in 1 of 3 years. In the absence of grade-limiting levels of green kernels, test weight limited grades of durum in 1 year, particularly in the windrowed treatment. In a separate experiment, percentages of green kernels were determined in field-scale windrowed and standing hard red spring and durum wheat crops. Levels of green kernels declined at similar rates in standing and windrowed crops. The kernel water concentration at which level of green kernels dropped to 0.75%, the maximum level tolerated in the top grades of hard red spring and durum wheat, was lower in dry years when maturity was forced than in moist years.Key words: Wheat (red spring), wheat (durum), windrowing, artificial drying, test weight

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF WINTER RYE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
J. G. McLEOD ◽  
J. M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Mass ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Forced Air

Three winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars, Cougar, Puma and Musketeer, were grown in a field experiment for 2 yr to determine the effects of kernel water concentration (KWC) at harvest time and drying method on final quality and grade of the grain. Plots were harvested when KWC was in the range of 950–100 g water kg−1 kernel dry weight. Grain was dried in windrows in the field and artificially in a forced-air oven at 40–45 °C. Kernel water concentration at harvest, test mass, kernel mass, falling number and germination were determined. Test mass increased as KWC at harvest decreased, especially in the artificially dried treatments. Kernel mass was lower when harvested at high KWC, especially in the windrowed treatments. Falling numbers were affected by harvest time and drying method, but trends were not clear. Germination was reduced by artificial drying at KWC greater than 430 g kg−1. Grades were not affected by windrowing at KWC up to 957 g kg−1. Artificial drying reduced commercial grades, especially at high KWC. The main degrading factors were presence of immature kernels and low test mass.Key words: Test mass, artifical drying, windrow, germination, falling number, harvest time

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF IRRIGATED SOFT WHITE SPRING WHEAT

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Yield Test ◽  
Forced Air

The soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Dirkwin and Fielder, and the hard red spring wheat cultivar Neepawa were grown under irrigation for 2 yr. Plots were harvested at seven kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the 45–15% moisture range. Material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing. Yield, test weight, 100-kernel weight, grain N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Yield and grain N content were not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of artificially dried material increased as cutting was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. In the windrowed treatment, test weight of Neepawa changed very little with cutting time, while that of Dirkwin and Fielder increased to a maximum at 25% KMC. The 1000-kernel weights of the cultivars increased as KMC fell in one of the two years. Falling number was constant for all cutting times in the windrowed treatment, but increased linearly as KMC at harvest fell in the artifically dried treatment. Commercial grades in the windrowed material had reached maximum by 35% KMC in all three cultivars. In the artificially dried material, maximum grades were not obtained unless cutting was delayed until KMC values of 20% or less were reached. Material cut at higher KMC levels lost grade due to the presence of immature kernels and to low test weight.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF SPRING TRITICALE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-856
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Water Concentration ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
X Triticosecale ◽  
Spring Triticale ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack ◽  
X Triticosecale Wittmack

Two spring triticale (X-Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars, Carman and Welsh, and one advanced-generation breeding line were grown under field conditions for 3 yr to study the effects of harvest time and drying method on quality and grade. Plots were harvested at six to seven intervals when kernel water concentration was in the 1000 to 100 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight range. Grain was dried in the field in simulated windrows or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 40–45 °C. Test weight, 1000-kernel weight, falling number, germination, and commercial grade were determined. Test weight increased with decreasing kernel water concentration at harvest, particularly in the artificially dried treatment. Test weight was greater in the windrowed than in the artificially dried treatment, especially for harvests made at high water concentrations. Harvest at high kernel water concentrations tended to reduce 1000-kernel weight, more so in the windrowed than in the artificially dried treatment. Although falling numbers were influenced by harvest time and drying method, there were no clear trends. Germination was reduced in material cut at a kernel water concentration above 680 g∙kg−1 in 1 of 2 years. Grades were reduced by artificial drying of grain, particularly when harvested at high kernel water concentrations. Grades were unaffected by windrowing at kernel water concentrations of up to 1000 g∙kg−1.Key words: X-Triticosecale Wittmack, test weight, falling number, germination, windrow

LOSS OF GREEN COLOR AND CHANGES IN KERNEL WEIGHT FOLLOWING WINDROWING OF IMMATURE WHEAT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Kernel ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Kernel Weights ◽  
Forced Air

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of stage of maturity at harvest on kernel weight and color of two cultivars each of hard red spring (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) wheat dried in windrows or artificially following threshing. Plots were cut at kernel water concentrations (KWC) ranging from approximately 160 to 2200 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight and left in the field to dry in simulated windrows. A subsample was threshed and the grain dried in a forced-air oven at 40 °C and under ambient laboratory conditions of 25–30 °C. Percent green kernels and kernel weights were determined on the field- and artificially-dried samples. Differences among cultivars in green kernel percentage appeared to be largely related to maturity differences. Green kernel percentage dropped below 0.75 (top commercial grade tolerance) at higher harvest KWC in the windrowed samples than in the artificially dried samples. In unevenly matured crops, green kernel percentages in excess of 0.75% remained a risk even at harvest KWC approaching combine ripeness (170 g kg−1). There was little difference in green kernel percentage of the ambient-air-dried and oven-dried grain when harvested at commercially realistic KWC less than 250 g kg−1. Kernel weight increased in windrowed wheat harvested at KWC greater than 1200 g kg−1, presumably through translocation of assimilates from the straw. No such translocation was detected in wheat windrowed within the recommended KWC range of 640–670 g kg−1.Key words: Ambient air drying, artificial drying, windrowing, wheat (hard red spring), wheat (durum)

EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON THE YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-623
Author(s):  
J. V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
W. G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

Two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and Columbus, were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals from 45% to 15% for three growing seasons. Two drying treatments, field drying in windrows and oven drying were evaluated. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein-N, falling number and commercial grade were determined. Protein-N and 1000-kernel weight were reduced when the crop was harvested above 40% and 35% KMC, respectively, but were not affected by drying method. Yield losses up to 12% were recorded with windrowing. Windrowing at 35% KMC or less in warm, dry conditions had little effect on test weight, falling numbers, and grade. Under wet conditions, windrowing above 20% KMC resulted in lower falling numbers and a loss of grade. Direct combining and artificial drying above 20% KMC lowered test weights, falling numbers and grade. The current recommendation of windrowing at 35% KMC is supported under good harvest conditions but either windrowing or straight combining at 20% KMC would be superior under damp harvest conditions.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., kernel moisture content, drying method, falling number, quality, grade

EFFECT OF KERNEL MOISTURE CONTENT AT HARVEST AND WINDROW VS. ARTIFICIAL DRYING ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF OATS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN M. CLARKE ◽  
GREG E. RIEMER ◽  
JOHN V. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
WILLIAM G. LEGGE
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Forced Air

Field experiments with the oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars Random Harmon and Kelsey were conducted for 3 yrs at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, for 2 yr at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and for 3 yr with cultivars Random, Cascade and Athabasca at Beaverlodge, Alberta. Plots were harvested at kernel moisture contents (KMC) in the range of 15–45%. At Swift Current and Beaverlodge, material was dried in the field (windrowed) or artificially dried in a forced-air oven at 50 °C after threshing; all Saskatoon material was field-dried. Test weight, 1000-kernel weight, grain protein-N and commercial grade were determined. Grain protein-N was not affected by cutting time or drying method. Test weight of both windrowed and artificially dried material tended to increase as harvest was delayed until lower KMC values were reached. One-thousand-kernel weight was less affected by harvest KMC, but did increase as harvest was delayed until 35% KMC in some situations. Material cut at high KMC at Swift Current and Saskatoon was downgraded due to high proportions of green kernels, and in some instances, due to low test weight. The proportion of green kernels tended to be greater in the artificially dried than in the windrowed material at high harvest KMC values. The no.1 CW grade was not reached unless harvest was delayed until KMC was less than 20%, provided that there was no secondary tillering. Mildew and staining were major grading factors at Beaverlodge during 2 yr. particularly in the windrowed treatments. Grades tended to be higher in artificially dried material when rain occurred during the harvest period. Intrapanicle differences in maturation, which produce the varying proportions of green and mature kernels, were demonstrated in excised panicles using eosin dye and 14C-sucrose.

The parameters of grain filling and yield components in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milka Brdar ◽  
Marija Kraljević-Balalić ◽  
Borislav Kobiljski
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

AbstractFinal grain dry weight, a component of yield in wheat, is dependent on the duration and the rate of grain filling. The purpose of the study was to compare the grain filling patterns between common wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.), and durum wheat, (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and investigate relationships among grain filling parameters, yield components and the yield itself. The most important variables in differentiating among grain filling curves were final grain dry weight (W) for common wheat genotypes and grain filling rate (R) for durum wheat genotypes; however, in all cases the sets of variables important in differentiating among grain filling curves were extended to either two or all three parameters. Furthermore, in one out of three environmental conditions and for both groups of genotypes, the most important parameter in the set was grain filling duration (T). It indicates significant impact of environmental conditions on dry matter accumulation and the mutual effect of grain filling duration and its rate on the final grain dry weight. The medium early anthesis date could be associated with further grain weight and yield improvements in wheat. Grain filling of earlier genotypes occurs in more temperate environments, which provides enough time for gradual grain fill and avoids the extremes of temperature and the stress of dry conditions.

scholarly journals Efficacy Assessment of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on Stored Grain Insects and Their Impacts on Morphological and Physiological Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Ali A. Badawy ◽  
Nilly A. H. Abdelfattah ◽  
Salem S. Salem ◽  
Mohamed F. Awad ◽  
Amr Fouda
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Cuo Nps ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir

Herein, CuO-NPs were fabricated by harnessing metabolites of Aspergillus niger strain (G3-1) and characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, SEM-EDX, FT-IR, and XPS. Spherical, crystallographic CuO-NPs were synthesized in sizes ranging from 14.0 to 47.4 nm, as indicated by TEM and XRD. EDX and XPS confirmed the presence of Cu and O with weight percentages of 62.96% and 22.93%, respectively, at varied bending energies. FT-IR spectra identified functional groups of metabolites that could act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents to the CuO-NPs. The insecticidal activity of CuO-NPs against wheat grain insects Sitophilus granarius and Rhyzopertha dominica was dose- and time-dependent. The mortality percentages due to NP treatment were 55–94.4% (S. granarius) and 70–90% (R. dominica). A botanical experiment was done in a randomized block design. Low CuO-NP concentration (50 ppm) caused significant increases in growth characteristics (shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, and leaves number), photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), and antioxidant enzymes of wheat plants. There was no significant change in carbohydrate or protein content. The use of CuO-NPs is a promising tool to control grain insects and enhance wheat growth performance.

scholarly journals Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

scholarly journals Genome-wide association analysis unveils novel QTLs for seminal root system architecture traits in Ethiopian durum wheat

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Admas Alemu ◽  
Tileye Feyissa ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
Giuseppe Sciara ◽  
Roberto Tuberosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Seminal Roots

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of root system architecture is essential to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of crops or to boost their productivity under stress or non-optimal soil conditions. One hundred ninety-two Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 historical landraces and 25 modern cultivars were assembled for GWAS analysis to identify QTLs for root system architecture (RSA) traits and genotyped with a high-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina. Results Using a non-roll, paper-based root phenotyping platform, a total of 2880 seedlings and 14,947 seminal roots were measured at the three-leaf stage to collect data for total root length (TRL), total root number (TRN), root growth angle (RGA), average root length (ARL), bulk root dry weight (RDW), individual root dry weight (IRW), bulk shoot dry weight (SDW), presence of six seminal roots per seedling (RT6) and root shoot ratio (RSR). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all RSA traits. Four major (− log10P ≥ 4) and 34 nominal (− log10P ≥ 3) QTLs were identified and grouped in 16 RSA QTL clusters across chromosomes. A higher number of significant RSA QTL were identified on chromosome 4B particularly for root vigor traits (root length, number and/or weight). Conclusions After projecting the identified QTLs on to a high-density tetraploid consensus map along with previously reported RSA QTL in both durum and bread wheat, fourteen nominal QTLs were found to be novel and could potentially be used to tailor RSA in elite lines. The major RGA QTLs on chromosome 6AL detected in the current study and reported in previous studies is a good candidate for cloning the causative underlining sequence and identifying the beneficial haplotypes able to positively affect yield under water- or nutrient-limited conditions.

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