INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, SHORT-DAY VERNALIZATION, AND COLD VERNALIZATION ON DAYS TO HEADING IN AVENA SPECIES AND CULTIVARS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. SAMPSON ◽  
V. D. BURROWS
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Oat Breeding

Exposure of 19 accessions belonging to nine species of Avena to constant daily photoperiods of 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 hr showed that heading was promoted by the longer photoperiods, except in A. abyssinica, which headed first on 15-hr days. Some accessions headed sooner in 9-hr than in 12-hr photoperiods. An interrupted night treatment suggested that photoperiodic control of heading date is exercised by the length of the dark period. A second experiment demonstrated a short-day vernalization response in two of the six accessions initially grown in 9-hr days and later in 12-hr days. In a third experiment (19 entries) cold vernalization (7.2 C for 39 days) strongly promoted heading in seven wild species from the Mediterranean region and in A. abyssinica and the winter oat Landhafer (from 21 to 60 days earlier in 18-hr days). Weaker but significant (P <.05) responses were evident in A. strigosa and three of the remaining nine cultivated hexaploids. The responses to cold vernalization were greater in plants growing in 12- and 18-hr days than in 9-hr days. For the three experiments, regression analysis of days to heading on hours of photoperiod showed that A. byzantina C.W. 544, A. sativa Rapida, A. abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, and A. barbata were the least sensitive to differences in photoperiod (1–3 days earlier per hour longer). Avena strigosa and related diploid wild species showed intermediate sensitivity. Northern spring oat cultivars and Ottawa breeding lines were very sensitive (6–10 days earlier per hour longer). The implications that these findings have for oat breeding are discussed.

Flavor Profiles of Wild Species-Derived Peanut Breeding Lines

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
H. E. Pattee ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Important Quality

Abstract Several diploid wild species of the genus Arachis L. have been used as sources of resistance to common diseases of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Because flavor is among the most important quality attributes for commercial acceptance of roasted peanuts, sensory attributes of interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines were evaluated to determine if transfer of disease resistance from wild species is associated with concomitant changes in flavor. Sixteen interspecific hybrid derivatives with five diploid species in their ancestries and the commercial flavor standard, NC 7 were evaluated for sensory quality. Significant variation among entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter sensory attributes, but not for the overall contrast between NC 7 and the wild species-derived breeding lines. The variation was either between two groups of wild species-derived breeding lines or within one or both groups. Introduction of disease and pest resistance traits from Arachis species did not result in degradation or improvement of the flavor profile. This suggests that flavor of wild species-derived germplasm will not prevent its use either as parents in peanut breeding programs or as cultivars.

Overcoming crossing barriers between nontuber-bearing and tuber-bearing Solanum species: towards potato germplasm enhancement with a broad spectrum of solanaceous genetic resources

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Watanabe ◽  
M. Orrillo ◽  
S. Vega ◽  
J. P. T. Valkonen ◽  
E. Pehu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Germplasm Enhancement ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Potato Germplasm

The first direct sexual hybrids between diploid nontuber-bearing species and diploid potato breeding lines are reported here. Three nontuberous species of Solanum, S. brevidens, S. etuberosum, and S. fernandezianum, were used for sexual crosses, achieved by a combination of rescue pollinations and embryo rescue. Initial hybrid selection was made using an embryo spot marker, followed by the evaluation of morphological and reproductive traits. Putative hybrids were first tested for resistance to potato leaf roll virus derived from the wild species, and then were tested with molecular markers using species-specific DNA probes. Finally, the tuberization of several 2x hybrids was tested for actual potato germplasm enhancement. These hybrids are unique in terms of their potential to enhance recombination between chromosomes of wild species and those of cultivated potatoes in germplasm utilization, and to exploit the genetic nature of tuber formation. The finding that nontuber-bearing Solanum spp. can be directly crossed with tuber-bearing species also has important implications for the regulatory aspects of the use of genetically modified organisms.Key words: nontuber-bearing Solanum, potato germplasm enhancement, interspecific crosses, chromosome manipulation, inter-EBN crosses, diploid.

Vernalization responses in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Landers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Absolute Requirement

Three experiments were conducted to characterize vernalization response in 13 diverse narrowleafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes, and to identify the genetic basis of differences in vernalization response. The aim was to better understand how flowering time may be manipulated in lupin breeding. The genotypes consisted of breeding lines with parents of wild origin, plus selected commercial varieties. Treatments included response to different periods of vernalization and response to different sowing dates. Most of the genotypes required vernalization for flowering. There were three types of response to vernalization observed; an absolute requirement, a reduced response, in which vernalization did not appear to be essential for flowering, and no response in lines carrying the natural mutant gene Ku (Gladstones and Hill 1969). In genotypes with an absolute requirement for vernalization, the period of vernalization at 5�C required to ensure flowering varied between 2 and 4 weeks, and flowering was hastened by increasing periods of vernalization. When vernalization was marginally inadequate, abnormal inflorescences formed. An apparent thermosensitive response, in which vernalization hastened flowering but did not appear to be essential, occurred in cv. Wandoo, which carries the gene �efl�. This response could also possibly be explained not by the lack of an essential requirement for vernalization, but by an ability of the cultivar to respond to vernalization at fairly high temperatures, around 16�C. Crossing studies identified a major gene the same as or allelic to �efl� in one genotype, but no other single genes with major effect on vernalization response were detected in genotypes of wild origin.

Photoperiod and vernalization gene effects in southern Australian wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
Haydn Kuchel ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
Neil Vallance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Cross Prediction ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Vrn Genes ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Vernalization Genes

Photoperiod and vernalization genes are important for the optimal adaptation of wheat to different environments. Diagnostic markers are now available for Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Ppd-D1, with all four genes variable in southern Australian wheat-breeding programs. To estimate the effects of these genes on days to heading we used data from 128 field experiments spanning 24 years. From an analysis of 1085 homozygous cultivars and breeding lines, allelic variation for these four genes accounted for ~45% of the genotypic variance for days to heading. In the presence of the photoperiod-insensitive allele of Ppd-D1, differences between the winter genotype and genotypes with a spring allele at one of the genes ranged from 3.5 days for Vrn-B1 to 4.9 days for Vrn-D1. Smaller differences occurred between genotypes with a spring allele at one of the Vrn genes and those with spring alleles at two of the three genes. The shortest time to heading occurred for genotypes with spring alleles at both Vrn-A1 and Vrn-D1. Differences between the photoperiod-sensitive and insensitive alleles of Ppd-D1 depended on the genotype of the vernalization genes, being greatest when three spring alleles were present (11.8 days) and least when the only spring allele was at Vrn-B1 (3.7 days). Because of these epistatic interactions, for the practical purposes of using these genes for cross prediction and marker-assisted selection we concluded that using combinations of alleles of genes simultaneously would be preferable to summing effects of individual genes. The spring alleles of the vernalization genes responded differently to the accumulation of vernalizing temperatures, with the common spring allele of Vrn-A1 showing the least response, and the spring allele of Vrn-D1 showing a response that was similar to, but less than, a winter genotype.

The effect of failure in extended and intermittent photoperiodic lighting on the growth of white spruce container seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Arnott ◽  
C. S. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Dark Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Usual Definition ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Definition Of

White spruce seedlings (seed source, 58°50′ N) were grown in a container nursery at Victoria, B.C. (48°28′ N) under the following two photoperiod regimes: (i) natural day length artifically extended to 18 h (120 lx from an incandescent source); (ii) natural day length with dark period interruption for 2.5 min every 30 min (120 lx from an incandescent source). Beginning on July 17, 12 weeks after sowing, batches of seedlings experienced a simulated failure of the lighting systems of from 0 to 9 nights. Although the reduced photoperiod did not fit the usual definition of a short day, failure of the lighting system in (i) and (ii) caused significant reductions in seedling shoot length and dry weight and a significant increase in root dry weight.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Canadian barley breeding lines for Fusarium head blight resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyao He ◽  
Mohamed Osman ◽  
James Helm ◽  
Flavio Capettini ◽  
Pawan K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Barley Breeding ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Fhb Resistance

He, X., Osman, M., Helm, J., Capettini, F. and Singh, P. K. 2015. Evaluation of Canadian barley breeding lines for Fusarium head blight resistance. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 923–929. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major challenge to the successful production of barley in Canada, as well as for end-users such as the malting and brewing industries. Due to the quantitative inheritance of FHB resistance, continuous effort is required to identify breeding lines with improved FHB resistance and incorporate them into crossing schemes to enhance FHB resistance. In the present study, 402 advanced breeding lines from Alberta, Canada, were evaluated in the FHB screening nursery at CIMMYT, Mexico. In 2011 and 2012, FHB incidence was measured on a scale of 1 to 4 to eliminate the most susceptible lines. In 2013 and 2014, 181 lines with the lowest disease scores in the previous 2 yr were tested in replicated experiments for field FHB index, Fusarium-damaged kernels, and deoxynivalenol content. Agronomic and morphological traits, specifically days to heading, plant height, and row and hull types were also evaluated in relations to FHB parameters. Correlation coefficients among the three FHB parameters in both 2013 and 2014 were all significant at P<0.0001, ranging from 0.36 to 0.63. Additional correlation analysis showed that late-maturing, tall, and two-row lines tended to have lower disease, whereas hull type did not show a significant correlation with FHB. Several lines with high and stable FHB resistance similar to that of the resistant checks were identified. These could be used in breeding programs as resistance sources or be registered as new cultivars if their overall attributes meet commercial standards.

scholarly journals Use of Wild Arachis Species/Introgression of Genes into A. hypogaea L.

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Direct Dna Delivery ◽  
No Releases

Abstract The use of wild Arachis L. in cultivar improvement programs has been considered an option for more than 50 yr. Both A. Krapovickas and W.C. Gregory, independently, made interspecific hybridizations in the 1940s. However, only three cultivars have been released as a result of interspecific hybridizations, and only one of those has a clearly identifiable genetic component from the wild species. Several breeding lines have been reported and several germplasm releases are documented from Texas, North Carolina, and ICRISAT. At least four potential options exist for transferring genes from wild Arachis to the cultigen: a) The hexaploid pathway consists of crossing a diploid wild species directly with A. hypogaea, doubling the chromosome number to the hexaploid level, then backcrossing for several generations to restore the tetraploid condition. Several options are possible in this pathway involving various crossing schemes prior to crossing a diploid hybrid with A. hypogaea. North Carolina and ICRISAT have had success with this pathway. b) The diploid/tetraploid pathway has been the most successful in Texas to date. This pathway involves crossing diploid species (two to several), doubling the chromosome number of the hybrid, then crossing to A. hypogaea and backcrossing with selection for the desired character. This pathway is most successful when both A-and B-genome species are involved. Germplasm lines and a cultivar have been released in Texas using this pathway. c) Another diploid/tetraploid pathway could be to double chromosome numbers of diploid species and cross the amphiploids directly with A. hypogaea. Several attempts have been made with this technique, but no germplasm releases have been reported, in large part because sterility is too great when both A and B genomes are not included in the hybrid. Many of the sections/species of wild Arachis are so greatly isolated from A. hypogaea that plant transformation will be the likely method to introduce genes into the cultigen. d) Molecular methods of “inserting” genes into peanut that have been modestly successful and include use of Agrobacterium spp., electroporation, and direct DNA delivery techniques such as the gene gun, whiskers, and sonication. No releases have resulted.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular Evaluation of Interspecific Peanut (Arachis) Lines

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Anderson ◽  
G. Kochert ◽  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Peanut breeders are constantly in search of new sources of genes that confer tolerance or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses to improve the production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate peanut lines generated from interspecific crosses for amounts of wild species introgression, including genes for resistance to peanut root-knot nematodes, tomato spotted wilt virus and leaf spot diseases. Nine diploid Arachis species were crossed with peanut breeding lines and 130 different interspecific hybrid lines were developed. These lines were evaluated for the amount of introgression using RFLP analyses, plant morphology, and disease resistant phenotypes. Based on RFLPs, 41 lines showed measurable introgression and 12 hexaploid-derived lines were polymorphic for at least four probes. Greenhouse and field evaluations indicated that resistance was not present in the lines tested for tomato spotted wilt virus, early leaf spot, or Cylindrocladium black rot. However, resistance approaching that of the wild species was found for the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) among lines derived from crosses with Arachis diogoi, A. correntina, A. batizocoi, and A. cardenasii. Introgression lines were resistant (disease ratings of 1.5 to 4.5 and lesion numbers 8 to 63) compared to Southern Runner (ratings of 5.5 to 6 and lesion numbers of nearly 500) for late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personation) in field evaluations performed in Gainesville, FL over 2 yr. The greatest resistance was found among lines from crosses with A. batizocoi, A. duranensis, A. stenosperma, A. magma, and A. diogoi. Results indicate that it should be possible to identify molecular markers to tag resistance genes for use in conventional breeding programs and stack these genes in highly productive peanut cultivars.

RESISTANCE TO CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM CKE. OBTAINED FROM WILD SPECIES OF TOMATO

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1541-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Kerr ◽  
D. L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Genetic Bases

In the last 20 years several varieties and breeding lines of tomato have been developed which possess immunity from C. fulvum races 1 to 9. Vagabond, Vinequeen, and V548 obtained their immunity from L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl.; V501 from L. hirsutum var. glabralum Muller; V542, Vantage, Waltham Mold Proof Forcing No. 22, etc. from L. peruvianum (L.) Mill.; and V545 from L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. Studies are reported herein on the genetic bases of resistance in these varieties.Single genes for immunity from C. fulvum race 6 were isolated in these varieties and breeding lines. Crosses between the varieties indicated that the immunity from all of these sources is conditioned by the same gene or by genes that are very closely linked. Differential races must be found before this point can be determined with certainty. The gene from L. hirsutum which confers immunity to race 6 in Vinequeen is designated as Cf4. Cf4 has been shown to be located on chromosome 1, probably near Cf1.L. hirsutum, L. pimpinellifolium, and L. esculentum var. cerasiforme Mill. among them have several other genes conferring a lower level of resistance to race 6.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF EARLY MATURITY IN RICE VARIETY BY MARKER ASSISTED BACKCROSS BREEDING OF Hd2 GENE

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono ◽  
Ahmad Dadang ◽  
Tasliah Tasliah
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Donor Parent ◽  
Marker Assisted Backcross Breeding

Early-maturing and high-yielding rice variety is very useful for increasing rice production in Indonesia. The aim of this research was to develop new lines of Indonesian rice containing Hd2 gene using Code variety as a recipient parent and Nipponbare variety as a donor parent through targetted MAB approach using RM1362 and RM7601 in chromosom 7 for foreground selection. After two generations of backcrossing, the positive alleles of Hd2 gene from Nipponbare had successfully trans-ferred into Code. The plant number CdNp_29 in BC2F2 popula-tion had the highest genome recovery of 82.7%. The twelve BC2F3 plants were selected for self-pollination to generate BC2F4. These selected lines that carried the Hd2 gene were screened in the greenhouse for the evaluation of heading date and agronomic traits. All improved lines had Hd2 gene similar to the donor parent Nipponbare. The heading date of the breeding lines ranged from 73 to 89 days (Code 85 days) or fill the third criterion of rice maturity that is 103-104 days compared to Code of 116-119 days, whereas their agronomic performances were similar with that of Code. Application of MABc for im-proving rice early maturity has accelerated the development and selection in early generation of superior lines having genetic background of Code. It is expected that the newly developed lines of Code will be utilized to increase rice production in Indonesia.

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