Vernalization responses in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Landers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Absolute Requirement

Three experiments were conducted to characterize vernalization response in 13 diverse narrowleafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes, and to identify the genetic basis of differences in vernalization response. The aim was to better understand how flowering time may be manipulated in lupin breeding. The genotypes consisted of breeding lines with parents of wild origin, plus selected commercial varieties. Treatments included response to different periods of vernalization and response to different sowing dates. Most of the genotypes required vernalization for flowering. There were three types of response to vernalization observed; an absolute requirement, a reduced response, in which vernalization did not appear to be essential for flowering, and no response in lines carrying the natural mutant gene Ku (Gladstones and Hill 1969). In genotypes with an absolute requirement for vernalization, the period of vernalization at 5�C required to ensure flowering varied between 2 and 4 weeks, and flowering was hastened by increasing periods of vernalization. When vernalization was marginally inadequate, abnormal inflorescences formed. An apparent thermosensitive response, in which vernalization hastened flowering but did not appear to be essential, occurred in cv. Wandoo, which carries the gene �efl�. This response could also possibly be explained not by the lack of an essential requirement for vernalization, but by an ability of the cultivar to respond to vernalization at fairly high temperatures, around 16�C. Crossing studies identified a major gene the same as or allelic to �efl� in one genotype, but no other single genes with major effect on vernalization response were detected in genotypes of wild origin.

scholarly journals Identification of the Genetic Basis of Response to de-Acclimation in Winter Barley

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wójcik-Jagła ◽  
Agata Daszkowska-Golec ◽  
Anna Fiust ◽  
Przemysław Kopeć ◽  
Marcin Rapacz
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Functionally Diverse

Mechanisms involved in the de-acclimation of herbaceous plants caused by warm periods during winter are poorly understood. This study identifies the genes associated with this mechanism in winter barley. Seedlings of eight accessions (four tolerant and four susceptible to de-acclimation cultivars and advanced breeding lines) were cold acclimated for three weeks and de-acclimated at 12 °C/5 °C (day/night) for one week. We performed differential expression analysis using RNA sequencing. In addition, reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme activity analyses were used to investigate changes in the expression of selected genes. The number of transcripts with accumulation level changed in opposite directions during acclimation and de-acclimation was much lower than the number of transcripts with level changed exclusively during one of these processes. The de-acclimation-susceptible accessions showed changes in the expression of a higher number of functionally diverse genes during de-acclimation. Transcripts associated with stress response, especially oxidoreductases, were the most abundant in this group. The results provide novel evidence for the distinct molecular regulation of cold acclimation and de-acclimation. Upregulation of genes controlling developmental changes, typical for spring de-acclimation, was not observed during mid-winter de-acclimation. Mid-winter de-acclimation seems to be perceived as an opportunity to regenerate after stress. Unfortunately, it is competitive to remain in the cold-acclimated state. This study shows that the response to mid-winter de-acclimation is far more expansive in de-acclimation-susceptible cultivars, suggesting that a reduced response to the rising temperature is crucial for de-acclimation tolerance.

PrBn, a Major Gene Controlling Homeologous Pairing in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Haploids

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Jenczewski ◽  
Frédérique Eber ◽  
Agnès Grimaud ◽  
Sylvie Huet ◽  
Marie Odile Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Ph1 Locus ◽  
Likelihood Approach ◽  
Likelihood Ratio Statistics

Abstract Precise control of chromosome pairing is vital for conferring meiotic, and hence reproductive, stability in sexually reproducing polyploids. Apart from the Ph1 locus of wheat that suppresses homeologous pairing, little is known about the activity of genes that contribute to the cytological diploidization of allopolyploids. In oilseed rape (Brassica napus) haploids, the amount of chromosome pairing at metaphase I (MI) of meiosis varies depending on the varieties the haploids originate from. In this study, we combined a segregation analysis with a maximum-likelihood approach to demonstrate that this variation is genetically based and controlled mainly by a gene with a major effect. A total of 244 haploids were produced from F1 hybrids between a high- and a low-pairing variety (at the haploid stage) and their meiotic behavior at MI was characterized. Likelihood-ratio statistics were used to demonstrate that the distribution of the number of univalents among these haploids was consistent with the segregation of a diallelic major gene, presumably in a background of polygenic variation. Our observations suggest that this gene, named PrBn, is different from Ph1 and could thus provide complementary information on the meiotic stabilization of chromosome pairing in allopolyploid species.

scholarly journals The genetics of resistance to Morinda fruit toxin during the postembryonic stages in Drosophila sechellia

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Deniz Erezyilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Octanoic Acid ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Host Plant Specialization ◽  
Drosophila Sechellia ◽  
Single Host ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Resolution Analysis

Many phytophagous insect species are ecologic specialists that have adapted to utilize a single host plant. Drosophila sechellia is a specialist that utilizes the ripe fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is toxic to its sibling species, D. simulans. Here we apply multiplexed shotgun genotyping and QTL analysis to examine the genetic basis of resistance to M. citrifolia fruit toxin in interspecific hybrids. We find that at least four dominant and four recessive loci interact additively to confer resistance to the M. citrifolia fruit toxin. These QTL include a dominant locus of large effect on the third chromosome (QTL-IIIsima) that was not detected in previous analyses. The small-effect loci that we identify overlap with regions that were identified in selection experiments with D. simulans on octanoic acid and in QTL analyses of adult resistance to octanoic acid. Our high-resolution analysis sheds new light upon the complexity of M. citrifolia resistance, and suggests that partial resistance to lower levels of M. citrifolia toxin could be passed through introgression from D. sechellia to D. simulans in nature. The identification of a locus of major effect, QTL-IIIsima, is an important step towards identifying the molecular basis of host plant specialization by D. sechellia.

Evaluation of soybean breeding lines by examining their responses to sowing date and row spacing

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Rose
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Standard Cultivar ◽  
Late Sowing

Seven genotypes, including 5 in the final stages of cultivar selection, were evaluated for their phenological development, yield, seed size, oil concentration and protein concentration in response to changes in sowing date and row spacing over 3 seasons, 1982-83, 1983-84and 1984-85. Genotype x sowing date interactions were detected for both phenological development and yield, particularly with the cultivar Sxy 59. This genotype was most affected by temperature during the pre-flowering phase of early November sowings. It was lower yielding in November sowings but was the highest yielding genotype in January sowings. Its adaptation to January sowings was unexpected because this genotype also showed high photoperiod sensitivity and flowered and matured rapidly in the late sowings. With early sowing, yield of the other cultivars was equivalent, or superior to (P=0.05), that obtained with the recommended early December sowing date, depending on the season. Late sowings caused yield reductions of about 34%. Increases in yield with narrow rows (50 v. 100 cm) were significant (P = 0.05) in 1 season and averaged 5% overall. Genotypexrow spacing interactions were only detected in 1 season, but no genotype was superior to the standard cultivar, Forrest, in adaptation to narrow rows. Thus this study revealed genotype responses which would affect adoption of newly released cultivars. It was concluded that this type of study is valuable in the final stages of a selection program and that these studies should include both early and late sowing dates and be conducted over several seasons.

scholarly journals Seed yield of two new quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) breeding lines as affected by sowing date in Central Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo CASINI
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Saponin Content ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Sowing Period ◽  
Phenological Phases

<p>Research on the introduction of quinoa in Italy is currently lacking. The present research was aimed at identifying the correct sowing period. Field experiment was consucted in Cesa, Tuscany, in 2017. Two new breeding lines coded as DISPAA-Q42 and DISPAA-Q47-CB were utilized. Three sowing dates (SD) were implemented: February 23; March 17 and April 27. Results showed that the most successful SD was February 23. A significant decrease in both seed yield and a delay in phenological phases, relating to plant maturation and flowering was associated with the sequential delay in SD in both lines. Results also showed a significant effect of lines on yield, true-leaf stage development, flower development and maturity. Only DISPAA-Q42 was considered suitable for cultivation in the Tuscan environment. DISPAA-Q47-CB was the more susceptible line, due to the sequential delay in SD and delayed plant maturation. No effect between lines was evident for protein and saponin content. The present study clearly shows the potential for the successful cultivation of quinoa in Central Italy, and highlights the necessity of taking into consideration both breeding lines and SD in order to accomplish this goal.</p>

scholarly journals A new source of root-knot nematode resistance from Arachis stenosperma incorporated into allotetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Ballén-Taborda ◽  
Ye Chu ◽  
Peggy Ozias-Akins ◽  
Patricia Timper ◽  
C. Corley Holbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Arachis Batizocoi ◽  
Lrr Protein

AbstractRoot-knot nematode is a very destructive pathogen, to which most peanut cultivars are highly susceptible. Strong resistance is present in the wild diploid peanut relatives. Previously, QTLs controlling nematode resistance were identified on chromosomes A02, A04 and A09 of Arachis stenosperma. Here, to study the inheritance of these resistance alleles within the genetic background of tetraploid peanut, an F2 population was developed from a cross between peanut and an induced allotetraploid that incorporated A. stenosperma, [Arachis batizocoi x A. stenosperma]4×. This population was genotyped using a SNP array and phenotyped for nematode resistance. QTL analysis allowed us to verify the major-effect QTL on chromosome A02 and a secondary QTL on A09, each contributing to a percentage reduction in nematode multiplication up to 98.2%. These were validated in selected F2:3 lines. The genome location of the large-effect QTL on A02 is rich in genes encoding TIR-NBS-LRR protein domains that are involved in plant defenses. We conclude that the strong resistance to RKN, derived from the diploid A. stenosperma, is transferrable and expressed in tetraploid peanut. Currently it is being used in breeding programs for introgressing a new source of nematode resistance and to widen the genetic basis of agronomically adapted peanut lines.

scholarly journals Genetic analyses of several Drosophila ananassae-complex species show a low-frequency major gene for parthenogenesis that maps to chromosome 2

2004 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUNEO MATSUDA ◽  
YOSHIKO N. TOBARI
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Drosophila Ananassae ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Complex Species

Parthenogenetic strains of several species have been found in the genus Drosophila. The mode of diploidization in the eggs of females has been found to be post-meiotic nuclear fusion. The genetic basis for this parthenogenesis is not understood but is believed to be under the control of a complex polygenic system. We found parthenogenetic females in an isofemale strain (LAE345) of D. pallidosa-like collected in 1981 at Lae, Papua New Guinea, and established a parthenogenetically reproducing strain. Parthenogenetic strains of D. ananassae and D. pallidosa collected at Taputimu, American Samoa had also been established by Futch (1972). D. ananassae, D. pallidosa and D. pallidosa-like are very closely related species belonging to the ananassae complex of the ananassae species subgroup of the melanogaster species group. Using these three species, we found that more than 80% of females from parthenogenetic strains produced progeny parthenogenetically and that inter-specific hybrid females also produced impaternate progeny. In the present report, we demonstrate that the mode of parthenogenesis of D. ananassae appears to be the post-meiotic nuclear doubling of a single meiotic product, and that a major gene responsible for the parthenogenesis maps to the left arm of the second chromosome of D. ananassae. We also suggest that the genetic basis for parthenogenesis capacity may be identical among the three closely related species. We discuss the function of the gene required for parthenogenesis and its significance for the evolutionary process.

INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, SHORT-DAY VERNALIZATION, AND COLD VERNALIZATION ON DAYS TO HEADING IN AVENA SPECIES AND CULTIVARS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. SAMPSON ◽  
V. D. BURROWS
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Vernalization Response ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Oat Breeding

Exposure of 19 accessions belonging to nine species of Avena to constant daily photoperiods of 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 hr showed that heading was promoted by the longer photoperiods, except in A. abyssinica, which headed first on 15-hr days. Some accessions headed sooner in 9-hr than in 12-hr photoperiods. An interrupted night treatment suggested that photoperiodic control of heading date is exercised by the length of the dark period. A second experiment demonstrated a short-day vernalization response in two of the six accessions initially grown in 9-hr days and later in 12-hr days. In a third experiment (19 entries) cold vernalization (7.2 C for 39 days) strongly promoted heading in seven wild species from the Mediterranean region and in A. abyssinica and the winter oat Landhafer (from 21 to 60 days earlier in 18-hr days). Weaker but significant (P <.05) responses were evident in A. strigosa and three of the remaining nine cultivated hexaploids. The responses to cold vernalization were greater in plants growing in 12- and 18-hr days than in 9-hr days. For the three experiments, regression analysis of days to heading on hours of photoperiod showed that A. byzantina C.W. 544, A. sativa Rapida, A. abyssinica, A. vaviloviana, and A. barbata were the least sensitive to differences in photoperiod (1–3 days earlier per hour longer). Avena strigosa and related diploid wild species showed intermediate sensitivity. Northern spring oat cultivars and Ottawa breeding lines were very sensitive (6–10 days earlier per hour longer). The implications that these findings have for oat breeding are discussed.

scholarly journals Limited genetic parallels underlie convergent evolution of quantitative pattern variation in mimetic butterflies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Bainbridge ◽  
Melanie N. Brien ◽  
Carlos Morochz ◽  
Patricio A. Salazar ◽  
Pasi Rastas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Locus ◽  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Heliconius Melpomene ◽  
Trait Locus

AbstractMimetic systems allow us to address the question of whether the same genes control similar phenotypes in different species. Although widespread parallels have been found for major effect loci, much less is known about genes that control quantitative trait variation. In this study, we identify and compare the loci that control subtle changes in the size and shape of forewing pattern elements in two Heliconius butterfly co-mimics. We use quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis with a multivariate phenotyping approach to map the variation in red pattern elements across the whole forewing surface of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene. These results are compared to a QTL analysis of univariate trait changes, and show that our resolution for identifying small effect loci is improved with the multivariate approach. QTL likely corresponding to the known patterning gene optix were found in both species but otherwise, a remarkably low level of genetic parallelism was found. This lack of similarity indicates that the genetic basis of convergent traits may not be as predictable as assumed from studies that focus solely on Mendelian traits.

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