The interphase period “germination–heading” of 8x and 6x triticale with different dominant Vrn genes

The existing spring forms of wheat-rye amphiploids are characterized by late maturity due to the long duration of the interphase period “germination–heading”. The manifestation of this trait is influenced by Vrn-1 genes. Their dominant alleles also determine the spring type of development. The results of studying the interphase period “germination–heading” of spring octaploid and hexaploid forms of triticale created for use in research and breeding programs under the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia are given in this article. The interphase period of the primary forms 8xVrnA1, 8xVrnB1 and 8xVrnD1 obtained by artificial doubling of the chromosome number of the wheat-rye hybrids made by pollination of three lines of the soft wheat ‘Triple Dirk’ – donors of different dominant Vrn-1 genes – by a winter rye variety ‘Korotkostebel’naya 69’ was determined under the field conditions in the nursery of octaploid (8x) triticale. In the nursery of hexaploid triticale, this trait was studied in the populations of hybrids obtained by hybridization of these three primary forms of octaploid triticale with the hexaploid winter triticale variety ‘Sears 57’. In the offspring of crossing 8хVrnD1× ‘Sears 57’, spring genotypes of 6x triticale bearing Vrn-D1 were selected. This fact was determined by PСR. It means that the genetic material from the chromosome of the fifth homeologous group of the D genome of the bread wheat is included in the plant genotypes. This genome is absent in the winter 6x triticale ‘Sears 57’. The grain content of spikes of the created hexaploid forms of triticale is superiour to that of the maternal octaploid triticale forms. It was shown that plants of the hybrid populations 8xVrnA1× ‘Sears 57’ and 8xVrnD1× ‘Sears 57’ carrying the dominant alleles Vrn-A1a and Vrn-D1a, respectively, have a shorter duration of the “germination–heading” interphase period than the initial parental forms of primary 8x triticale. The short interphase period of “germination–heading” of the 6x triticale is a valuable breading trait for the creation of early maturing and productive genotypes of triticale.

Interaction of VRN and PPD genes in the regulation of the development of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aim. To reveal the effects of the VRN and PPD genes on the rate of development of winter wheat in absence of vernalization and after its completion with different durations of the photoperiod. Methods. Winter-type development lines of the Mironovskaya 808 variety, isogenic with respect to the PPD genes. VRN genes are recessive in all lines. Plants were grown under the conditions of a growing experiment from non-vernalized seeds (1 group of all lines), and also after vernalization (2 group of all lines) at 20-22°C. Both groups were grown under long (18 hours) and short (9 hours) photoperiods. The pace of development was determined by the timing of the transition of plants to spiking. Results. In the absence of vernalization on a short day, isogenic lines with dominant genes PPD-D1a and PPD-B1a and cultivar (all genes are PPD recessive) passed to earing, and the line with the dominant PPD-A1a gene remained in the tillering phase until the end of the experiment. On a long day, all investigated lines and cultivar did not spike until the end of the experiment (200 days). After vernalization was completed, all the studied lines under the conditions of a short photoperiod were earing later than on a long day, but the line with the dominant PPD-B1a gene was the latest. Conclusions. The VRN and PPD genes interact in the regulation of winter wheat development - they are “interchangeable” in terms of developmental effects depending on a combination of temperature and photoperiodic conditions. Keywords: winter wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.), vernalization, photoperiod, development rates, VRN and PPD genes.

Identification of spring wheat lines by the allelic state of Vrn genes for use in winter wheat breeding for carotenoid content

The aim of the research is allelic identifi cation of the genes Vrn A1, Vrn B1, Vrn B3, and Vrn D1 in 18 spring wheat samples and 3 lines obtained from winter-spring cross combinations with high carotenoid grain content for winter wheat breeding program. The content of carotenoid pigments in the grain ranged from 0.20 to 8.3 mg/100 g in the analyzed 143 samples of soft wheat. Samples of spring wheat were identifi ed for high content of carotenoids (more than 4.5 mg/100 g of flour): Volgouralskaya, Kinelskaya 61, Lutescens 540, Lutescens 598, Lutescens 575, Lutescens 516, Kinelskaya 2010, Omskaya 41. According to the studies, the presence of the Vrn-A1 allele established in 4 spring wheat samples (Sibiryachka 4, Frontana, Izolda, Dynastiya). The heterozygous state of the Vrn-A1 gene was determined for the Saratovskaya Zolotistaya variety. The presence of the allele Vrn-B1 was identifi ed in the samples Fora, Leningradka, Izolda, Saratovskaya Zolotistaya, Omskiy Tsirkon, Omskaya 41, Lutescens 540. For the samples Lutescens 516, L224-5 the heterozygous state of the locus Vrn-B1was determined. Analysis of the Vrn-B3 gene confi rmed the presence of the Vrn-B3 allele in all tested samples. Only variety Dynastiya carried a dominant allele. The Vrn-D1 gene was identifi ed in a recessive state in samples Fora, Sibiryachka 4, Novosibirskaya 22, Frontana, Leningradka, Kinelskaya 2010, Kinelskaya 61, Volgouralskaya, Omskaya 41, Lutescens 516, Lutescens 540, Lutescens 598, L224–5. In the variety Omskiy Tsircon gene Vrn-D1 was in a heterozygous state. The use of spring carriers of the trait – Samples Omskaya 41 and Lutescens 540, with one dominant gene Vrn-A1, and Lutescens 516, with the dominant allele of the gene Vrn-A1 and polymorphic in the Vrn B1 gene – were the most promising for the winter wheat breeding in the direction of increasing the carotenoids content in flour. Key words: bread wheat, variety, line, vernalization, carotenoids, genes Vrn A1, Vrn B1, Vrn B3, Vrn D1.

Ekmeklik Buğdayda Geliştirilen Resiprokal Rekombinant Kendilenmiş Hat Populasyonunda Çavdar Translokasyonu Taşıyan Hatların Yarı Bodurluk, Fotoperiyod, Vernalizasyon ve Waxy Genlerinin Taraması

The aim of this study is to screen the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) carrying rye translocation for the semi-dwarf (Rht), photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalization (Vrn) genes. Recombinant inbred lines were obtained by hybridization of bread wheat varieties Tosunbey and Tahirova-2000. Only the lines carrying 1BL.1RS rye translocation from population were used in the study. Parents and all of RILs were found to have Rht-B1a, which is a semi-dwarf allele, and Ppd-D1a allele, which is not susceptible to photoperiod. The vernalization alleles (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1) in the lines were also determined. It was determined that both parents and all the RILs had vrn-A1 allele, and not Vrn-A1c allele. It was determined that 151 of RILs contained vrn-B1 allele and 154 of them contained Vrn-B1 allele, while 131 of RILs had vrn-D1 allele and 174 of them had Vrn-D1 allele. In addition, molecular screening were carried out for waxy alleles (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) which were effective on flour swelling, water holding capacity and shelf life of bread wheat. As a result of the molecular data it was found that 141 of RILs carry all three alleles and named as “normal amylose wheat” and 164 of them had only Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 alleles, as known “low amylose wheat”. The results indicated that the population used in the research could be the subject of some researches, especially drought tolerance, and RILs could be used to develop genetic material carrying rye translocation for wheat breeding programs.

ALLELIC DIVERSITY OF GENES CONTROLLING RESPONSES TO VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIOD AMONG SPRING BREAD WHEAT VARIETIES OF DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

Spring bread wheat is the most important cereal crop, cultivated under various climatic conditions and on different latitudes. Modern molecular genetic studies of wheat are aimed at investigating the crop’s genetic potential. By now, molecular markers have been developed to identify alleles of the Vrn (vernalization response) and Ppd (photoperiod response) genes. Vrn genes are responsible for crop development rate regulation and crop yield structure. Ppd genes determine the response of plants to the length of the day, that is, the timing of flowering and the beginning of heading in plants under different cultivation conditions. The use of diagnostic DNA markers made it possible to analyze the presence of allelic combinations of the Vrn and Ppd genes in local and commercial wheat varieties from Europe, Asia, North and South Americas, Africa and Australia. This review summarizes the results of studies on the distribution of alleles of Vrn and Ppd genes in wheat breeding material over different geographical areas of its cultivation. For example, the dominant Vrn-A1a allele was found in 62% of European varieties; 52% of the studied Turkish wheat varieties carried dominant Vrn-B1 alleles. A dominant Vrn-D1 was found in 61% of Pakistani wheat accessions. Vrn-D1 is present in 41.9% of the studied varieties of Chinese wheat. Higher incidence of Ppd-D1A is typical for West European varieties. A Ppd-D1a allele was found in 58.6% of varieties preserved in the Turkish wheat collection, with a 60% frequency of this allele in commercial cultivars. Among local Afghan varieties, 97% are sensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1b); they are distributed throughout the country without much dependence on agroecological zones. All Pakistani varieties are insensitive to photoperiod (carriers of Ppd-D1a). In China, the highest incidence of the Ppd-D1a allele was observed in zone VII (87.5% of varieties).

SEARCH FOR THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ALLELIC POLYMORPHISM OF THE PPD AND VRN GENES WITH THE VARIABILITY OF THE MAIN ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS OF WINTER BARLEY

Winter barley is an important agricultural crop whose grain is used for fodder and food purposes. The main advantage of winter barley over spring barley is in an earlier ripening period, the ability to use winter and early spring moisture reserves, due to which winter barley produces a yield in 1.5–2 times higher than spring barley. Because of increasing climate aridity in the south of the country, the development of early ripening winter barley varieties, as well as varieties with an alternative type of development (facultative wheat) is of great importance. The length of the growing period (especially ‘sprouts-earing’ phase) and responsiveness to barley vernalization is controlled by the Ppd and Vrn genetic systems. It is known that the Ppd and Vrn genes have a pleiotropic effect, that is, they affect many traits, including the general adaptability and seed productivity of plants. Therefore, among the analyzed traits, the dependence of which on the allelic diversity of the genes is required to be established, there should be present not only the starting time of earing and responsiveness to vernalization, but also other economically valuable traits (productivity parameters, lodging degree, etc.). The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of allelic polymorphism of the studied genes on the variability of the main economically valuable traits. The object of the research was 94 varieties of local (Zernograd, Rostov region, Russia) and other district breeding. It has been identified that the research tests were successful for only one of the five tested marker systems. It was the marker system for the Vrn-H2 gene, which determines the type of barley development (winter, spring, facultative). The polymorphism of the Vrn-H2 gene significantly influences on the protein percentage in the kernels and on the resistance of varieties to lodging.