INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY, LEVEL OF FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE ON YOUNG PIGS. I. PERFORMANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1093-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. BALL ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Ad Libitum

The performance and final body composition of 128 pigs weaned at either 3 or 4 wk of age and receiving either a normal density (ND) or high density (HD) diet ad libitum or restricted (85% of ad libitum) was determined over a 28-d period. Pigs weaned at 4 wk consumed more feed (P < 0.001) and grew faster (P < 0.005) than those weaned at 3 wk, but body weights at a similar age were not different. The HD diet supported greater gains (P < 0.01) and gain to feed (G:F) ratio (P < 0.005) than the ND diet. Restricting feed intake reduced gains (P < 0.001) and improved G:F ratio (P < 0.05). Interaction effects showed that performance of pigs weaned at 4 wk was less affected by nutrient density and feed restriction than that of pigs weaned at 3 wk of age. Pigs weaned at 4 wk had heavier carcasses at the end of the 28-d period than those weaned at 3 wk but there was no difference in percent water, fat or protein. Nutrient density did not affect body composition. However, restricted feeding increased percent water (P < 0.05), reduced percent fat (P < 0.05) and increased percent protein on a dry matter basis (P < 0.02). A significant interaction between weaning age and level of feed intake showed that restricting the intake of pigs weaned at 4 wk reduced fat deposition more than when intake was restricted for pigs weaned at 3 wk of age (P < 0.05). An interaction between diet, intake level and sex (P < 0.01) showed that even in young pigs, barrows tend to fatten more than gilts when energy intake is adequate and less when energy intake is restricted. Key words: Pigs, weaning, nutrient density, body composition, performance

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY, LEVEL OF FEED INTAKE AND WEANING AGE ON YOUNG PIGS. II. APPARENT NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIARRHEA

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. BALL ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Ad Libitum

One hundred and twenty-eight pigs were allotted to a factorial design involving two weaning ages (3 and 4 wk), two diets (normal density, ND, and high density, HD) and two levels of feed intake (ad libitum and restricted) and fed for 28 d postweaning. Feed restriction increased the digestibility of energy (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of energy and protein increased with time postweaning (P < 0.05). Pigs weaned at 4 wk of age had higher nutrient digestibilities than those weaned at 3 wk only in the second week postweaning (P < 0.05), showing that the digestive system of older pigs adapts faster. The apparent digestibility of the HD diet was not different from that of the ND diet. Diarrhea was more severe when pigs were weaned at 4 wk (P < 0.10), or when receiving the HD diet (P < 0.10), or when offered feed ad libitum (P < 0.10), showing that both volume of feed consumed and nutrient intake influence occurrence of diarrhea. Postweaning diarrhea was most severe (P < 0.05) and most frequent (P < 0.05) during the first week and declined thereafter. The rate of decline was fastest in older pigs (P < 0.05) with restricted feed intake (P < 0.05) and pigs receiving the ND diet (P < 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) between apparent energy and protein digestibility and incidence and severity of diarrhea during the first week postweaning. The results suggest that nutrient intake is more important in predisposing piglets to diarrhea than the volume of feed consumed. Key words: Pigs, weaning, digestibility, diarrhea

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

Effects of dry period diet on feed intake, body composition and subsequent lactational performance of dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum

Previous studies (Moorbyet al, 1994) have shown that supplementing grass silage with undegradable protein (UDP) during the dry period can lead to increased yields of milk protein and lactose. These studies have often involved restriction of forage intake through limitation of access time and the feeding of straw. This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of UDP supplementation withad libitumaccess to grass silage as well as the effects of restricting forage intakes by including straw in the diets of dry cows.

The effect of level of feeding on acetate tolerance in the sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Intravenous acetate tolerance tests were conducted on sheep offered chopped lucerne hay at six levels of intake, a ground and pelleted mixture of lucerne hay, maize, and peanut meal at two levels, and a low quality roughage ad libitum. The rate of disappearance of acetate injected intravenously increased with increase in the levels of both feed intake and digestible energy intake. There was no difference between diets in the rate of disappearance when the diets provided similar amounts of digestible energy. Changes in rate of disappearance occurred within 7 days of changes in level of feeding. It was concluded that care should be exercised in interpreting differences between diets in acetate tolerance when the diets provide widely differing quantities of digestible energy.

The effect of reducing energy intake through feed intake restriction on the performance of weaned barrows when amino acid intake declines either in direct proportion to energy or at a reduced rate

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Oresanya ◽  
A. D. Beaulieu ◽  
J. F. Patience
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Amino Acid Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reduced Rate

Amino acid intake declined either in constant proportion to energy or at a reduced rate when feed intake treatments represented 100, 70, 60 or 50% of ad libitum. Amino acid intake affected feed conversion, and energy and lysine utilization (P < 0.05). Energy studies involving feed restriction may be confounded by amino acid supply. Key words: Pigs, energy intake, amino acid intake

The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
C.C. Emmans ◽  
C.T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Different Levels

On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.

scholarly journals Variability in metabolic rate, feed intake and fatness among selection and inbred lines of mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. MOODY ◽  
D. POMP ◽  
M. K. NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Percentage

Mouse populations differing in metabolic rate have been developed through selection for high (MH) and low (ML) heat loss (HLOSS), along with randomly selected controls (MC). Objectives of this study were to (a) compare MH, ML and MC lines for HLOSS and correlated traits of feed intake, body composition and organ weights; (b) compare three widely used inbred mouse lines with MH, ML and MC for the same traits; and (c) investigate potential genotype by diet interaction resulting from feeding diets differing in fat percentage. Heat loss (kcal/day) of MH and ML mice differed by 37% of the mean and remained significant (33%) when HLOSS was expressed on a fat-free mass basis. MH mice consumed more energy than ML with a greater difference in mice fed high-fat compared with standard diets (27% vs 13·9%). Despite greater energy consumption, MH mice were leaner than ML with a difference in total body fat percentage of 40%. The greatest difference in HLOSS between selection and inbred lines was between MH and C57BL/6J (BL), which differed by 26·3%. MH and BL mice also differed in energy intake (15·5%). Body composition of BL mice was similar to MH when fed a standard diet, but similar to ML when fed a high-fat diet. Crosses between MH and ML or between MH and BL would be useful to investigate the genetic regulation of, and identify quantitative trait loci influencing HLOSS, energy intake and body composition. Feeding of a high-fat diet may allow diet-specific loci influencing body composition to be identified in MH and BL lines.

Factors affecting the performance of ewes fed ad libitum until weaning and the performance of their lambs

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Economides
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Ad Libitum

Nutritional and other physiological factors are causes of variation in milk yield. In particular, the energy intake and the suckling stimulus of lambs greatly affect the milk yield of ewes in early lactation (Treacher, 1978; Hadjipanayiotou & Louca, 1976; Peart, Doney & MacDonald, 1975).In most eastern Mediterranean countries ewes are milked after weaning and the weaning age and the suckling regime determine both the amount of saleable milk and the rate of growth of lambs. The aim of the present work was to study factors affecting the milk yield of Chios ewes fed ad libitum and the growth of their lambs.

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